Nepali Social Studies

The Kathmandu Literary Jatra

2011-09-13T04:48:00.000-07:00

The Kathmandu Literary Jatra is a three-day literature festival taking place from September 16 to 18, 2011. The festival's objective is to provide a platform for literature from Nepal to engage with its international counterpart. The festival seeks to take Nepali literature on to the global stage.

The Literary Jatra will be held at different venues within the Patan Durbar Square complex. The festival is the first of its kind in Nepal. It will host 30 national and 10 international writers and poets. They will take part in readings, workshops and hold thematic discussions on various topics pertaining to Nepal and South Asia in both a socio-political and literary context.

Ten Years in Europe

2011-08-28T02:55:00.000-07:00

Muluk Bahira Ma (When outside the Country)

By Lain Singh Bangdel

Edited by by Dina Bangdel and Devendra Bhattara

Ratna Pustak Bhandar

497 Pages

Rs. 695

By Sarad Pradhan

Growing up as a teenager inclined to reading and writing, the image of Lain Singh Bangdel that I perceived was that of an accomplished writer. Perhaps that was because of reading his novels like Langada ko Sathi (Friend of a Lame), Maitighar ( Maternal House), and Muluk Bahira (Outside the country), and not knowing much about other facets of his personality. But after many years, having met him personally and visited his house to see his paintings, my original impression of Lain Singh Bangdel disappeared from my mind. The portrait that I made of him in my mind was different from what he was. So I made a new image of him in mind: Lain Singh Bangdel, the man of art, culture and literature.

Published almost one year ago posthumously, Muluk Bahira Ma (When outside the Country), a compilation of dairies and letters that was exchanged between Mr. Bangdel and his wife and other contemporary writers is a new experiment in the literary arena of Nepalese literature. This book is not only his personal diary but a testimony of Mr. Bangdel’s struggle in Europe, his quest for identity, and his search for love and existence. Written in simple and lucid way, this book takes us back to Europe in the fifties; the Europe that just came out of Second World War, politically polarized and socially unequal. Born and brought up in Darjeeling, studied under the stalwarts of Nepali language and literature like Surya Bikram Gywali, Dharnidhar Koirala and Parasmani Pradhan, Lain Singh Bangdel, from the very beginning, was attracted to literature and painting. His thirst for excellence took him to Calcutta to pursue higher studies in art and painting, and later to London and Paris. Unlike today’s world narrowed by jet, his voyage was tedious and mundane. Starting from February 13, 1952, it took him almost 40 days to reach London from Calcutta. And, he wrote about all the places he saw or came across, and the people he interacted with during his voyage in the ship. He spent almost 10 years in Europe, studying fine art in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, mingling with the likes of Pablo Picasso and George Braque and made a name for himself as an artist with his distinctive, non-traditional Nepalese style. His penchant for writing on the life of a great painter could be seen in his biographical novel ‘Rembrandt’ which tells the life story of a famous Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. It resembles ‘The Moon and Sixpence’, a novel by William Somerset Maugham loosely based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin.

One of the most interesting things in this book is the exchange of letters between Lain Singh Bangdel and his lover Manu who later became his wife. Various adjectives that he used for Manu while addressing her in the letter coupled with his sermon on the challenges in the life appears to be romantic and realistic. The letters and diary that Mr. Bangdel kept were full of longing and yearning, telling us their family background and their common interest. Living in same city- London, they were destined to live apart: Manu was pursing nursing course, and Lainsingh was struggling to create identity in art circle with financial constraints. Muluk Bahira Ma is a kaleidoscope that brings the sweet memories of Europe closer to us like a movie. It tells us a story about young Bangdel who worked hard to achieve something in his life despite having to endure London’s extreme cold weather without fire and enough food to eat. During his continuous ten-year stay in Europe, he exchanged letters with his mentors Dharnidhar Koirala and Surya Bikram Gyawali, and famous writers like Guru Prasad Mainali, Balkrishna Sama, Kamalmani Dixit, and these letters reveal so many things that are related to Nepali literature and his personal life crippled by lack of money to sustain his life in Europe. But he never gave up his dream. In London and Paris, he got to meet many Nepali dignitaries including Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. In a letter addressed to Mr. Bangdel, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Former Prime Minister of Nepal and an eminent writer writes, “It has been a pleasure to know you and your charming wife in London. My visit to the Tate Gallery in your company was extremely educative. I missed you in Paris, where the magnificence of the Louvre left me stunned………….. I think of you a great deal to organize our aesthetic movement after your return from Europe. We have some good artists in Nepal, but they are too parochial and deprived of the life-giving contact with the movement in arts and literature in the West.” It clearly indicates the role that Mr. Bangdel played in ushering in modern art in Nepal.

The writing of Lain Singh Bangdel in this book is like his painting: full of colours, and descriptions. But unlike his abstract paintings, the book is easier to fathom. Edited by Dina Bangdel and Devendra Bhattarai, Muluk Bahira Ma(When outside the Country) presents the most difficult and productive part of Bangdel’s life. The book helps me to understand the Bangdel that I knew during my college days, and the one I met later in a comprehensive way. To understand Bangdel and contemporary Europe through his writing, this is the book that you should not ignore.

(Published in Readers' Journal 2011)

Diamond Shumsher: A Doyen of Nepali Literature

2011-03-05T22:30:00.000-08:00

By Sarad Pradhan

Do you know the rise and fall of the Rana Regime? This question brings together fact and friction in a very vivid style in Seto Bagh, a legendary historical novel based on the rise of Rana Regime in Nepal. It shapes the narrator’s search for the connection for the recovery of lost information or repressed experience for the details of great trauma or joy that have receded in the archives of public or private memory. And, the narrator of this family profile is no other than the member of the same family which ruled Nepal for 104 years- Diamond Shumsher Rana, the doyen of Nepali literary circle.

Diamond Shumsher Rana, 78, is still dynamic and energetic writer. Then as an army man, he never thought of choosing pen instead of gun as part of his life long career. Turning point of his life came when an unforgettable incidence compelled him to change his course of life. The incidence had taken place in his early twenties.

“It was 1947. One fine day when I was playing cricket with late general Madan Shumsher, the tenth man in the role of succession, he told me that he had to go to a special meeting at Singha durbar. He accompanied me too. Besides, high ranking Rana officials, the then British Ambassador to Nepal was also explaining the departure of British from India. Ambassador told them to breach the Sangauli Treaty and to annex the land belonged to Nepal prior to the treaty. But they refused saying that the people of Darjeeling were politically conscious and would ask for Democracy,” he recalls.

“After meting I told Madan Shumsher it was a good deal. Instead of agreeing with me, he asked me to keep quiet. This news instantly spread among the Rana officials and they branded me revolutionary. There was no one to help me for I neither knew anybody in the grassroots level nor in upper echelon of the Rana family. So, I decided to take up literature as a medium of expression and livelihood,” he further says.

Hence, Basanti his first novel came out, not from Nepal but Banaras in 1947, the time when the power of Rana was in zenith. To his dismay, only a few people look interest in his work and very few copies were sold. In Darjeeling, the sales went up to two hundred copies.

“I took up historical novels to express my feeling because I found no other form of expression efficient to carry my feelings of parliamentary system of Democracy of Nepal. I have tried to show the failure of Rana system in these books, giving ample paradigms the failure of Rana was that in ruling the country they totally slaughtered the Democracy,” he explains.

Diamond Shumsher Rana is regarded by the critics as the first important historical novelist. His Basanti (1949), which have been translated into Hindi, describes the event upto the rise of Rana in 1846. The fabric of the work is centered on fictious character Basanti and the writers attempt is to present the historical tragedy. His next novel Seto Bagh (Wake of the Tiger1973),which have been translated into French, English and Japanese has its central character Jagat Jung, the son and the successor of Jung Bahadur Rana and the events cover the period after the death of the Rana supremancy. Rana’s Pratibaddhata (Committed) came out in 1977, Satprayas(True Attempt), the second part of Seto Bagh in 1091 and Anita in 1986.

Diamond Shumsher, who was thought to be a revolutionary by the Ranas, had been inside the jail during and after the Ranarchy. The two much acclaimed novel in the eyes of readers: Basanti and Seto Bagh are the finest creation of Diamond Shumsher which he wrote inside the jail.
Though his writing what he has been trying to show is the power gimmick whether during the Rana regime or after it. “The Rana rule was a burning example of success of Rana administration. They ruled Nepal for 104 years. But during the Rananarchy the most suffered a lot were Rana themselves. Because of the wealth of the Rana Prime Minister passed over only to his family and rest had to content with what they had,” he says.

To gather mammoth information on the history of Rana is not a joke in itself. But as a member of a Rana family, he did not find much difficulty in gathering information for his novels.

Diamond Shumsher, who believes in democracy, was the district president of Nepali Congress, Patan branch when the then government arrested him after the enactment of Panchayat system in Nepal in 1960. He stayed six years inside the jail and brought out Seto Bagh, a much-talked novel in Nepali.

Dan KO Dhaba, his latest novel is based on the Panchayat system. In this novel, he tries to explain how people used to get rich in the Panchayat system.

He is said to be the only writer who has made money out of literature in Nepal. “After spending years in jails, I had no contact with the outside world and the only thing I knew was writing. And, I found writing the only way to earn my livelihood.”

The French translation of Seto Bagh took him to France where he was treated well as they thought he would get rich after the grand sale of his book. But it proved wrong not because of the book or Diamond Shumsher but because of their market strategy. After his departure to Kathmandu, the publishers wrote back that the first edition of the book could not go well because the booksellers of Europe refused to accept his book as Nepali literature has no great literary history. And, Japanese publisher also replied in the same tone. “If we want to see our literature grow, we must translate them in English. The Royal Nepal Academy should come forward to start this noble venture,” he says.

“My books are taught in Banaras Hindu University and North Bengal University but widely neglected by Tribhuvan University,” he laments.

After suffering years in the jail, what did he achieve after all? “Democracy,” he says, “but it gives me freedom of expression। There is no big achievement for a writer other than it.”

( The article was published in The Kathmandu Post in 1996)

Mission One Million

2011-02-25T02:24:00.000-08:00

By Sarad Pradhan

Mission One Million has become a buzz word in the tourism industry of Nepal. In Visit Nepal 1998, it was Mission Half a Million that made headline to many newspapers and magazines and was a theme of numerous seminars and workshops across the country. And, paradoxically it succeeded to achieve its mission a year later but plunged into a grave situation after its success. Since the announcement of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 in 2009, everybody related with tourism industry be it the government official or tourism entrepreneur, all are euphoric about this Mission. Their euphoria is clearly reflected in the statement they make about its success. A few have played a safer side saying that One million is not part and parcel of the Mission in the broader sense, it is just a target without which nobody takes it seriously. Perhaps it may be right if other countries set same quantified target while celebrating Tourism Year. But, largely, they ignore the fact that there are many factors that have to be taken care of before inviting one million tourists to Nepal. Some rightly say Mission One Million is just a means to an end.

Acknowledged by all as a backbone of economy, tourism, so far, has not been accorded the status of an industry, the fact that everybody seemingly prefers to ignore. It has hindered the natural growth of tourism industry in the country. Because of lopsided policy of the government, many tourism potential areas of the country are being neglected. No tourism entrepreneur wishes to take risk of opening hotels and resorts in an area which lacks basic infrastructure. And, there is no incentive from the government side for those who gambles by opening one. Diversification of products is in the agenda of Mission One Million. But it will not materialise unless government takes strong decision to develop an area funnelling its resources. Private sector has to work in tandem with government to make sure that it invests in the area and promote it internationally.

The main objective of Mission One Million to create the economic and employment opportunities in the country by using tourism as the vehicle of growth for the physical, social and economic development of the country. The trend that we have seen so far is very optimistic; and there is no doubt we will be closer to Mission One Million by the end of this year. But are we ready to provide hospitality that is benchmark of our tourism. Over a dinner recently a senior executive of Boeing company was complaining us that there was no AC in the chilling winter of Kathmandu in a four star hotel. Nobody knows what experience he would take back and what would he tell his friends about Nepal. He told us flatly that Nepal should invest its resources in improving infrastructure if it wishes to cater a large number of tourists in Nepal. Service improvement, though, is one of the key objectives of Mission One Million, there is no strong mechanism to monitor the level of service provided by our industry. To ensure the quality service in all sectors of tourism, the government must formulate a strong monitoring mechanism.

Over the last several years, people have taken tourism for granted. They succinctly claim that infrastructure is not a hurdle for tourists to come to Nepal because they are here not to experience what they already have experienced in their country. It could be true to some extend. But to attract quality tourists, we need to have basic amenities that are required everywhere in the world- a universally accepted norms. Overflowing urinal at the airport, dirty linen at hotels, unsafe domestic flight, dilapidated-looking airport cars, pothole and unruly traffic jam are perhaps a few things that nobody desire to see in the much awaited vacation.

Mission One Million has another objective to develop and promote tourism products with continuous focus on adventure tourism, jungle safari, cultural tourism, MICE tourism and Eco-Tourism. Products are being developed by private sector at their will without accessing impact and claiming it as their own brainchild. Many events which could have bigger impact internationally are being marginalized. These events should be promoted internationally under one umbrella with more focused on the ones that have comparative advantage. Product development should be given serious attention. Here is also a need to break out of the traditional nature culture mode and to consider alternative products aimed at the children and older age segments of the markets. Old people targeted Grey tourism has become very popular worldwide. As demographic trend is changing drastically worldwide, the first world countries like Japan is slowly becoming a home of old people. These people have a considerable amount of disposal amount of money but don’t have a caring family to look after them. They want to spend their life in comfort to be cared and loved. Nepal can step in to attract this segment with proper law. This could be a good product for us in the long run.

To fulfil the objective of Mission One Million, the role of the government at all levels should be to facilitate the development of tourism through planning, setting the right regulatory environment, developing infrastructure in partnership with the private sector, promoting Nepal as a destination and ensuring product development and quality. The private sector should deliver the basic tourism goods and services to tourists. The role of the government should therefore be that of a facilitator or helper, not necessarily a leader.

Mission One Million expects many things from private sector. But what would they get apart from the profit they make? Tourism entrepreneur should quiz it. Tax holidays should be given to tourism entrepreneurs for earning foreign currency. Tourism entrepreneurs are now at the crossroads; trapped in the vicious circle of trade union and apathy of the government. Many hotels and resorts are still not functioning well due to unnecessary inference of trade union.

We are often asked by tourists and international travel agents alike about the special promotional package being offered during Mission One Million. But it is not possible for Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation alone to announce exemption or reduction in entrance fee or visa fee. Other government agencies are not tourism friendly because they are focused only on generating revenue but not in facilitating the mechanism that enables to generate it. Nepal is still not friendly country for film and documentary makers. Even the television channels that come to Nepal for promotion of Nepal’s tourism are being charged astronomically everywhere. They have to go to at least half a dozen departments to obtain permission for shooting paying hefty levy. So how could we expect international promotion and publicity with so many barriers that we created ourselves? If the government cannot provide subsidy to international film makers and television channels, least it can do is not to create unnecessary barrier by charging heavy fee.

Parameter of success of Mission One Million is not to bring a million tourists only but also to show the world that how satisfy it make the tourists who visit Nepal and how much economic benefit it provide to the people of Nepal. Together for Tourism will be successful when a resort owner of a far-flung sigh with relief on finding some money in his pocket.

(View expressed here is writer’s personal opinion. This article is published in NATTA's Souvenir issue 2011)

Govinda Bahadur Gothale: Stories with New Dimensions

2010-12-14T20:19:00.000-08:00

-बी -by Sarad Pradhan

To many he seems to be a non existent writer who has been lost to oblivion. And it’s because he rarely appears in public and seldom talks to press. Perhaps, he is most widely read but less known writer.

Govinda Bahadur Malla, 74, popularly known by his pet name “Gothale” is a part of his family legacy. Inspired by father Riddhi Bahadur Malla , the founding editor of Sardha, the most prominent literary magazine of pre and post democracy era(1950). Gothale entered the literary realm at the age of eighteen and kept on writing till he reached forty.

During his childhood, Malla’s was the centrepoint for the literateurs and it was here that he came in contact with some great literary figures including Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Bala Krishna Sama, Lekhnath Poudyal, Gopal Prasad Rimal, Bhim Nidhi Tiwari, Bhawani Bhiksu, Siddhi Charan Shrestha and many others.

As a son and grandson of Subha, a high ranking official during the Rana regime, he never went to the farm house for cultivating land or rearing cattle though he often visited his vast agricultural land in Saptari. But has an anecdote to tell us associated with his pen name.

“When I was arrested in 1940 in the wake of democratic movement, my first story Tyasko Bhalay (His rooster)appeared in Sardha with his pet name Gothale given by Bhawani Bhiksuto avoid further execution . I think the credit goes to Bikshu for giving me a pen name,” he grins.

“Among the story writers, to name a few, I was inspired mostly by B P Koirala and Bhawani Bhiksu,” he says.

As a prominent story writer Gothale gave a new dimension to psychoanalytical study of characters. Gothale’s stories show mental conflict of his abnormal characters. The conflict between desire and morality in Ke gareki Shobha (What are you doing Shobha) the sadism of the principle character in Maile Sarita ko hatya Gare(I killed Sarita) and stories like Adhar, Bhaaro(Pot) and Bichari u are typical examples. In Bhaaro, he shows how a woman neglects the presence of a poor boy by bathing infront of him exposing her body but draping herself the moment she sees her brother-in-law. He raises the question of morality of Nepali women in the story.

Earlier he had also writeen on domestic and social subjects. In Tyasko Bhale(His Rooster), Mahapap(A great sin), Lakshimipuja and Nidra Aena(Could not sleep) his child characters are interesting.

“Sex is also a social subject. I write whatever I feel as part of our society,” he explains. “I try to write about the existing social problems.”

“The writers were used to treat as anti-Rana and whoever tried to experiment new things could be termed as anti-Rana. So it was obvious for us to be anti-Rana.”

There was not question of being our novels controversial because of low readership, he says.

His penchant for writing did not limit him to story writing. Pallo Ghar KO Jhyal (The window of that house, 1959) is one of the naturalistic novels in Nepali. Its principal character Misri is tied in marriage which is physically unsatisfying for her. She keeps on watching a man who looks her through the window of the adjoining house and elopes with him ultimately. Gothale tries to explode the myth that Nepalese women remain firm and loyal towards their husband despite their husbands’ inability to sexually and emotionally satisfy her.

He was the first editor of Awaj daily which published in Falgun 7, 2007 BS, the day Nepal attained democracy. Later he also edited Sardha, a literary magazine run by his family.

“Nepali literature has not flourished as others. So whatever evaluation they did for my works, it seems to be good,” he says. But the readership has not soared up as much as it should be, he says.

Chyateiko Parda (Torn curtain) and Bhus KO ago (Fire of Chaff) presents psychological dimensions. The first play by two men is about a girl who is wooed by two men. One man is married and rich and is attracted more by her physical charm; the other is impoverished by his addiction to wine and gambling but respects the girl’s freedom and loves her sincerely. The girl chooses the latter and this freedom of choice is the confirmation of the freedom of feminine individuality. The second play develops around a married woman, Urmila. Detested by parents-in-law of the husbands, she is not allowed to bring home and they force her husband to marry again. Urmila chooses to live independently and joins a college. Fed up with his illiterate second wife, her husband wants to come closer to Urmila and she also responds it positively. However, the sense of her independence prevails upon her and refuses to go with him. Love and marriage, the status of women in a society is dominated by men, and the necessities of an overhaul change in the conservative ideas about these matters are the principal subjects of Gothale. His two plays Chayatieko Parda and Yug KO Sikar (Victim of the Era) have been dramatized and shown on Nepal Television.

The man behind the new trend in Nepali story, Govinda Bahadur Malla is rarely honored by the people and the government. So far he has received only Tribhuvan Award in 1989. And, apart from this, he is grossly neglected by literary institutions. Though he says the people have recognized his contributions, he is not properly honored for what he did for Nepali literature.

“I did not write after 1964 due to lack of atmosphere or my weakness. Hardly one or two Nepali magazines used to publish from here,” he recalls. “For the publication of one thousand Sardha, we had to have paid only fifty or sixty rupees. It was very cheap then.”

After two decades of active life in writing, he stopped writing unexpectedly and switched over to business. Now he is free and retired from business. Since the last few years, he seems to have gathered his old spirit and zeal for writing. Recently he has contributed a long play, a few stories and recollections in the magazines. He says whatever ideas are stored in his brain he would them in creative writing.

The Difficulty of Being Good

2010-05-17T04:18:00.000-07:00

Book Review appeared in The Week, The Republica on April 23, 2010

The Difficulty of Being Good
By Gurcharan Das
Penguin Books
434 Pages
Rs. 1,118

By Sarad Pradhan

Mahabharata, over the hundreds of years, has been interpreted and understood by different scholars in different ways. Compulsive discourse of Lord Krishna on dharma and action, his justification on holy war, the polyandry of Dhrupadi, indecisiveness and inaction of Bhisma over the insult of Dhrupadi after Yudhishthira loosing his wife in dice, treachery of warriors of both sides have made Mahabharata a compelling saga that never ceases to amuse the readers with its magical art of storytelling. But the message that it used to communicate earlier is now totally different albeit it is being told in same way, due to contextual change in human behavior. That is what Gurcharan Das, an erudite writer and social thinker presents Mahabharata in modern context. In his earlier books- Unbound India and Elephant Paradigm, Gurcharan Das appears to have expounded the frog leaped economic progress that India made after the end of license Raj that crippled its economy for years. His both books tell us about how economic liberation opened the flood gate of social transformation in the lives of millions of India who were the victims of Hindu Growth Rate that always staggered between 2 to 5%. To understand his latest book- The Difficulty of Being Good, we need to understand his humble beginning and meteoric rise as CEO of Proctor and Gamble India. A graduate of Harvard, Gurcharan Das, whose father belonged to a god fearing Middle class family, took early retirement to become a full time writer and studied philosophy and Sanskrit in different universities in the USA. Married to a Nepali woman, Gurcharan Das, in this book, deviates from the theme of his earlier books. The main theme of his latest book is his quest for Dharma and relevance of Mahabharata in the modern society and is a product of his sabbatical sojourn to the USA.

"The Mahabharata is about our incomplete lives, about good people acting badly, about how difficult it is to be good in this world," writes Mr. Das in the prelude of the book. Drawing references from different books written over last two centuries in different languages, he compares the characters of Mahabharata with Anil Ambani and the likes to exemplify envy of Duryadhana. Sibling rivalry as it is known today in the corporate world is the core of discontent of Kauravas fuelled by Dhritarashtra's paternal love for his son-Duryadhana. Unlike other commentaries that have written on Mahabharata, his is a more subtle and balanced which tries to justify the action of Duryadhana, virtue of Karna and quandary of Dhrupadi. In meantime, he praises the uprightness of Vikarna, the younger brother of Duryadhana who defended Drupadi against all odds at the time when even Bhisma, the grandfather of Kaurav and Pandhav resigns to his fate saying that he cannot resolve Draupadi's dilemma.

Gurcharan Das, as his wont, is good in drawing example from Greek epic Iliad which was written almost same period as Mahabharata by Homer to dramatize his writing. Just like Arjuna, the protagonist of Iliad, Achilles also fought against the injustice. "The Iliad is bloodthirsty, driven by anger and violence. The Mahabharata is just as gory, but it questions the violence," writes Gurcharan Das. In Mahabharata, he says, main characters question the morality of killing on ethical ground but in the Ilihad, they get on with it without remorse.

Art of dharma , what he refers to his book, is the moral law that sustains society, the individual and the world. And, Mahabharata is entangled with Dharma that perplexes everyone including Bhisma; it's a dilemma that also makes Dhrupadi confused when her husband loses her to Kaurav. But the envy that Duryadhana nourishes against the success of Pandavas leads to war, questioning the relevance of Dharmayudha. In The Difficulty of Being Good, he examines the Mahabharata from historical prospective after reading most of the books, commentaries and treatises written on it. Though he is repetitive, refereeing same thing here and there, it's injustice to undermine his treasure of knowledge of both Eastern and Western philosophies. He delves into the genesis of Dharma, its complexity and its relevance in the modern society. Of all vices, he points out envy as most evil and dangerous.

Modern interpretation of Mahabharata by Gurcharan Das enlightens cyber-generation whose upbringing has uprooted the moral values that epic like Mahabharata so subtly disseminates. The way politicians are grooming their children as their political heir has not been changed ever since. Dhritarashtra and his unruly ambition is found everywhere in South Asian countries including Nepal. The Difficulty of Being Good is a good example of writing book based on old theme with new innovative ideas and experience. Missing point in this book is that he ignores the interpretation or commentaries on Mahabharata by Indian scholars and spiritual Gurus with western outlook like Sri Aurobindo, Swami Vivekananda while writing this book. Perhaps incorporation of thoughts and ideas of such renowned persons would have made this book more balanced and subtle that he tries to make it so.

The World is What it is

2010-05-16T04:32:00.000-07:00

The World is What it is

The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul

By Patrick French

Publisher: Picador

Price: Rs. 952

By Sarad Pradhan

To understand V.S Naipaul is a mammoth task. More difficult is to understand his literary works that ranges from his Caribbean experience to exploration of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia. Just reading his early works like A House for Mr. Biswas –my all time favourite, provides a vista into his early life as a Caribbean boy of Indian origin - formative years of Naipaul who grew up among blacks and Indians. His trilogy on India- India: A million mutinies now, India: An Area of Darkness, India: A wounded Civilization are the outcome of his repeated visit to India, the country that his fore-fathers left years ago to work as sugarcane labours in Caribbean country. These three books are very critical about India. He writes,” I wrote the whole of A Wounded civilization with an idea of the invasion in my mind, in a broad way, the way Indians talk about it as through it’s an act of God. I am enraged by the way Indians don’t wish to understand their history, I am enraged. I think unless you begin to understand your history, you can’t have a new writing.” But the book that brought him to international fame with Noble Award is Beyond Belief, a follow up of his earlier book-Among Believers- both based on his quest to unravel mystery of converted Muslims and their fanaticism from Iran to Indonesia. Before his authorized biography came into light, Sir Vidia’s Shadow- survivor’s memoir of estranged disciple Paul Theroux dominated the world of Naipaul that Naipaul told to ignore and claimed to have not read it. Unlike his previous biography on his mentor –V.S.Naipaul: An Introduction of his work, Theroux, the author of famous travelogue, The Great Railway Bazaar, shows his displeasure, differences and discontent with Naipaul in this book

‘The World is What it is’ is perhaps only authorized biography of V.S. Naipaul nee Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul that allows the readers to peep into the life and works of one of the greatest writers of our generation. Authored by Patrick French, ‘The World is What it is’ is a candid biography of a celebrated author who is known for his whimsical unfriendly and snobbish behaviour. With the permission of Naipaul, Patrick French got access to more than 50,000 piece of papers that Naipaul sold to the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma and; together with numerous interviews with Naipaul and his close associates, French’s Herculean task ended in 2008 in a form of a beautiful book whose title is drawn from first line of Naipaul’s famous book ‘A bend in River’ based on Central Africa. It is a tough job for a British author to trace down the historical and social background of a complex writer like Naipaul who was born in Hindu family, brought up among Blacks in Trinidad, grew up as a writer in England, writing novels on Africa and Latin American milieu, his essays on India and Muslims. Though many of us have heard of his mistress Margaret- inspiration for some of his works and his flings with other women, Patrick says,” Vadia’s physical attraction to Pat(his wife) had never been certain, and after they married it declined further. He felt too embarrassed to talk with her about this situation. In the summer of 1958, turning imagination into reality, he started to have sex with prostitutes.” Patrick is very particular in detailing the every aspect related to the life of Naipaul like update information of his siblings, his father’s and mother’s relatives even his contemporary Caribbean writers. He quoted Vinod Mehta, editor of Outlook to sketch what kind of person is Naipaul: I think overall he is one of the most complex human beings I’ve met: I have never met anyone as insightful, or as brilliant. But he is certainly not an easy person to know…….. He was not a person who was going to tell you a great deal about himself. His books will tell you about himself, but he won’t tell you.

In this book, Patrick explores the personal life of Naipaul, his demure and submissive British wife Pat, his family and indifferent attitude to his equally talented brother Shiva Naipaul- author of several books like North of South, Black and White. Untimely death of Shiva Naipaul in 1985 at the age of forty made Vidia grief with a feeling of his unfulfilling fraternal responsibility. Almost two and a half decade ago I read A House of Mr. Biswas- the book that introduced me to writings of Naipaul subsequently. Written on the narrative style of R.K. Narayan, A House of Mr. Biswas is a book which brought together all his experience and the uniqueness of his perspective, a late twentieth-century global narrative that could have been written by no one else but Naipaul. And, after reading The World is What it is, I have found similar fictional characters in real life. Writing on Naipaul, even for a versatile writer, is difficult, for a reason that Naipaul appears to be ubiquitous in his writings. This book gives more insight to those readers who are already familiar with the writings of V.S. Naipaul. His infidelity, aloofness from friends and family, superiority complex in writing always revolve around his personality. Patrick finds Naipaul quite emotional and lonely when his first wife Pat dies. “ Vidia did not know what to do. Having spent a lifetime shunning friends, he had no network to support. His wife was dead, at the age of sixty-three,” writes Patrick. The book ends with the death of his first wife and his marriage with second wife Nadira- a Pakistani aspirant journalist and writer. Many a time the issue of his ancestral linkage to Nepal discussed within Nepal, the book doesn’t give any hint to prove it true.

‘The World is What it is’ is a window to the world of Naipaul- a big world that transcends many lives and works of common writers. Perhaps, The World is What it is gives more than what we generally expect to know about a writer. But to understand Naipaul, as Vinod Mehta says we have to read his books –the only way to fathom his complexity, his creativity, his megalomania.

NEPAL: Women’s hensureness Posted by barunroy on April 2, 2010 00Rate This FROM MYREPUBLICA.COM BY SAGUNA SHAH Woman must not accept; she must ch

2010-04-19T04:11:00.000-07:00

NEPAL: Women’s hensureness

Posted on April 2, 2010

Rate This

FROM MYREPUBLICA.COM

BY SAGUNA SHAH

Woman must not accept; she must challenge.

She must not be awed by that which has been built up around her;

She must revere that woman in her, which struggles for expression.

– Margaret Sanger

Beneath the hensureness of the woman, behind the dominant, demure, timid, submissive nature lies an undeterred spirit with immense capabilities; someone dauntless and strong.

Like various other women celebrating the 100th International Woman’s Day around the world, my participation in two different spaces – Dilli Bazaar Kanya Multiple Campus and Alliance Française in Kathmandu – has been a memorable experience. It was a great opportunity for a woman like me to observe the Nepali women more closely and subtly. It has evoked in me the feeling of immense pride in being the so called ‘second’ sex despite having been born and brought up in a patriarchal society that always advocates – Men do no wrong. Having seen these women from different walks of life confident and upright has further kept intact my belief that we women have the patience and the power to create a positive change in the society.

But that was not all I had witnessed there. After hearing those present, my inner self automatically categorizes them into two halves. The first half reserved for the Members of the Constituent Assembly, the policymakers, and lawmakers who are supposed to bring social and economic revolution through their tirades in fighting for gender bias, inequality, about women’s empowerment, their reservations, and their upliftment in the media. And everybody knows how much these harangues translate into action.

The second half, to the women of deliverance – ‘Women of Substance’ – in a true sense like Maiju Gurung, her daughter Lilu Gurung, Balika Chaudhary, Jeena Lingden, Subina Shrestha, and Poonam Pathak, a handful of them who have come to the fore, to share their experiences. Their experiences teach us to rise against all the odds and never to lose hope in our adverse situations, to be strong and independent, and to become aware. It was quite an emotional moment for everyone as Lilu Gurung, welled up with tears, remembered her father threatening her mother Maiju Gurung, fifth amongst the 10 wives her father had brought in, to be thrown into the river because of her perennial illness. As a child, Lilu got startled to see all her “mothers” line up in a queue to drink water after having washed her polygamous father’s feet. Having got married at an early age, Lilu had the extra responsibility of looking after her mother and supporting her. But this did not make Lilu lose her faith in her capability. She mortgaged the gold given to her during her wedding and established a grocery store with the money and began her journey. Her store sold everything, from things as tiny as needles, medicines to liquor. It was equally enriching to see Maiju, someone who is uneducated, express herself through her actions. Who says one who isn’t educated lacks wisdom?

The story of Balika Chaudhary is not less motivating. She talked about the stigma of being born a girl child in a Chaudhary family where going to school was a punishment. In retrospect, she remembers the first time when she confronted a mass. All she could utter was “Namaste, ma kehipani bolna jandina” (I don’t know how to speak). To make things better for herself, she then trained herself to speak and began sharing her plight, her experiences by organizing plays. During the insurgency, she was arrested, being assumed as a Maoist for which the police inflicted mental and physical torture on her. After signing the peace agreement in 2006, Balika could travel throughout the remote parts of the country, collecting factual data of the pathetic conditions of Nepali women. She now works for the INGO Search for Common Ground. It has welcomed girls who once took up guns. Balika, who has seen women walking three to four days from Bajura to Achcham for food, thinks for those women who worry all the time about feeding their children; sending them to school will never be a priority.

Jeena Lingden, pilot, speaking for the first time in public, seemed a little nervous. Born in Hong Kong to a British Gurkha Sergeant, Jeena, along with the family, had to move back to Phidim after his retirement. Coming back to village was a kind of anticlimax for her. She went to Dhule School, a small public school in the village. Luckily for them, after some years, her father got a job at the Brunei Palace, making their economical condition a little more stable. Initially, she wasn’t allowed to go to the same school that her brother attended; but finally, she convinced her parents. She pestered her father for pursuing her dream of flying high. Today, she flies for Yeti Airlines, and is immensely satisfied the way her life has shaped up. However, people still have a mindset that pilots are only men. She remembers when Yeti Airlines celebrated the Women’s Day by deciding to fly to Bharatpur, a twenty-minute destination, with an all-women crew, passengers had nervous expressions.

Subina Shrestha makes films for Al Jazeera and has won the Rory Peck Awards in 2008. A very determined lady, she believes that women have easy access to everything, not because people think they are capable but because they are ‘underestimated.’ Subina is not angry at the whole world, but is interested in writing about the women of the Third World countries who are not strong enough to rebel against the patriarchal social construct. In the field of journalism, in order to be at par with men, she believes a woman has to go beyond.

“You can’t do journalism if you want to be home by six in the evening, for that you have to travel wide and work hard,” says Subina, who remembers her undercover reporting for the Bahamas Cyclone in 2008.

“I’ve never seen so many dead bodies and have never smelt something as that foul,” is what she reminisces on that tragic account of more than thousands of death.

For 31-year-old Poonam Pathak of Butwal, the world came crashing down with the death of her husband in Kuwait, just three years after their marriage. She was only 22 with a three-week-old child. Living with the stigma of being a widow, being a burden to both families, and hearing things like her child being a ‘bau tokuwa’ (biting the father), were too much to handle. However, she didn’t lose hope. Today, she works in WHR as the Coordinator of the Food Processing for the Single Women Entrepreneurs Group, and delivers about 150 meal boxes a day in Kathmandu and Lalitpur. Her child is eight now and goes to a boarding school in Kathmandu. She feels one should never lose hope even in the worst of situations. She also has traveled to 54 districts as a social mobilizer spreading awareness that widowhood is not a curse.

Listening to the story of the survivors, I pondered over the adversities of the women. We women often tend to blame the patriarchal construct for our miseries. But aren’t we all responsible for them? Until and unless a woman realizes this from within herself, the condition of her life will never change. It is she who creates boundaries for the daughters, sisters and daughter-in-laws. Thus, change has to come from within a woman herself.

The various causes that hinder their upliftment are lack of education, lack of awareness, lack of campaigning, etc. However, education cannot be the sole factor that brings change in people’s behavior although its importance cannot be ruled out easily. Why would educated women behave roughly to their brethrens? Be it women of the villages or the cities, both suffer equally. The judicial system for women’s rights, their empowerment, and the property rights exist only in papers.

For a woman to fight a divorce case against domestic abuse and getting alimony, it takes years if the parties don’t agree on common legal grounds. It is utterly humiliating for her to speak in public regarding her private life time and again. By the time the verdict comes, she is disillusioned and in despair. Sometime back, the budget announced Rs 50,000 to a man who marries a widow and Rs. 100,000 to one who marries a woman from a Dalit community. This indicates that people still think of women as commodities whose price is determined by their disabilities.

Coming back to the point where I began writing, perhaps D.H. Lawrence would call these women cocksure as they are playing the so called masculine role in the society. I beg to deconstruct his term of cocksure women. A woman does not need to be cocksure to revolt, to fight for her rights; she can be empowered by being ‘hensure’ itself. The only thing she needs is to be sure of herself and of her actions.

Khampas & CIA against Mao & Zhou

2010-04-15T03:02:00.000-07:00

Appeared in The Week of The Republica on April 9, 2010

Khampas & CIA against Mao & Zhou

SARAD PRADHAN

Like many kids growing up in the 1970s and early 80s, Tibet, for me, was a fabled arcane land occupied by China. In my imagination, Tibet was limited to Lhasa, Buddhism, and the Potala Palace.

A few years ago, while flying over the Tibetan Plateau on my way to Beijing, I was intrigued to see vast stretches without any sign of settlement. I wondered how Tibetans in the early 50s were able to find their way around while fighting against the well-equipped People’s Liberation Army.

As a kid, I had heard about the Khampa resistance backed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), but there was very little information available on the low-profiled guerrilla war. I had to be content with snippets of news available at times, until I finally came upon Mikel Dunham’s book “Buddha’s Warriors.”

Buddha’s Warriors is a provocative book that tells you about the history, culture and social fabrics of Tibet, Tibetan rule on Tibet, and its relations with China before Mao Zedong invaded it. My initial apprehension to start this book withered as I started reading it.

Mikel narrates the story of Tibet in the 40s and 50s, emphasizing the lack of cohesion among the Tibetans themselves, the timidity of high officials, the lackadaisical attitude of residents of Lhasa and the lack of communication. These were a few reasons, among many, that contributed to the failure of the Tibetan resistance movement.

The author highlights the role of the Dalai Lama without prejudices. Like many Tibetans, HH Dalai Lama, too, was kept in the dark about the imminent problems that Tibet was going to face.

One of the most important issues that “Buddha’s Warriors” raises is the recruitment of Khampas by the CIA to push the agitation further, without the knowledge of India to foster an anti-Communist insurgency. Mikel scathingly attacks India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru for his indifferent attitude towards the Tibetans, which further made it difficult to internationalize the Chinese aggression against Tibet.

Based on interviews with several survivors of the Tibetan resistance movement and CIA officials involved in this secret operation over the period of seven years, the book is a vivid account of horrors, atrocities and barbarism that Tibetans were (and still are) forced to endure while resisting the advances made by the Chinese Army. Change in guard in the US was a big blow to the Khampa warriors, and it forced the CIA to abandon its operations.

Mikel appears to be emotionally charged in the book and strongly condemns the Chinese. Nonetheless, the writer also criticizes the Lhasans for their nonchalant attitude to problems faced by other Tibetan areas.

The convergence of myth and reality in the present-day Tibet is the indication of what lies inside the Pandora’s Box for Tibet and Tibetans in the future. With the growing influence of China in global politics, many countries may find the Tibetan issue trivial.

The book fails to analyze the future of the Tibetan movement that has protracted despite the disbanding of the Khampa Resistance movement. Even so, the occasional angry outbursts, which come from Tibetans, clearly echo the sentiments of Tibetans for their homeland.

The last paragraph of the book surmises what Tibet is for the posterity: Perhaps Maitreya, the future Buddha, will locate Tibet in people’s hearts rather than on a page in an atlas – thus bringing Tibet’s mysteries full circle to a time, before 1950, when it was just a blank space on a classroom globe.

Letter to Editor on this review

Mikel Dunham: Thanks for the nice review. It´s the first time "Buddha´s Warriors" has been reviewed in Nepal, as far as I know. Nice to have it come up in Republica, my preferred source for news in Nepal.

sarad pradhan: Thanks Tirtha Ram Acharya for going through my review and pointing out my mistake. I have nothing to say about what you have said because that is my view that I have expressed reading that view. You have all right to differ and I don´t need to defend my writing. I have given all details that you asked for like cost in the printed version. Unfortunately, it doesnot appear in the online version. Thanks once again for comment.

Tirtha Ram Acharya: The review is biased. Its a given that a reviewer needs to know the subject matter first hand and not get swayed by emotions. If the reviewer had done his homework first before sitting down to write this, then the review had been much nicer. A reviewer is supposed to point out whatever factual errors, if there are any, and other inaccuracies. Its not a reviewer´s job to praise the book he/she is reviewing.Let the readers judge the book.

Now let´s get back to the issue. You wrote: "Buddha’s Warriors is a provocative book that tells you about the history, culture and social fabrics of Tibet, Tibetan rule on Tibet, and its relations with China before Mao Zedong invaded it." Scholars are divided even in the west on the word "invasion". Was it invasion or China trying to consolidate its borders? Can a country invade its own territories? Mikel is right, the Dalai Lama didn´t do anything to improve the lives of Tibetans and reform the feudal structure of Tibet. I don´t know whether Mikel mentions this in his book or not, but the Tibetans were not allowed to wear glasses, no matter how bad their eyesight in Tibet. What´s more, the Dalai Lama´s feaces were used as medicines! (Seven Years in Tibet, Henerich Harrer).

JN Nehru was an internationalist and sure hje didn´t internationalize the issue, becuase India itself was thinkiong of invading Nepal and other Himalayan countries. It was Nehru´s international exposure and his correct reading of the world events foiled Sardar Ballav Bhai Patel´s plans.

You write: "the book is a vivid account of horrors, atrocities and barbarism that Tibetans were (and still are) forced to endure while resisting the advances made by the Chinese Army. Change in guard in the US was a big blow to the Khampa warriors, and it forced the CIA to abandon its operations." But what about the Tibetans warriors´ killing the Chinese troops and civilians? The US pulling the plugs on Khampas has much to do with Nixon´s sensible policy to end the Vietnam war. The Chinese were more than happy to keep the US instilled puppet regime in Vietnam and pave the way for a graceful exit of the Americans, and the Americans had realized the futility of supporting the Khampas.

You wrote: Even so, the occasional angry outbursts, which come from Tibetans, clearly echo the sentiments of Tibetans for their homeland... and in the beginning of your piece you wrote: A few years ago, while flying over the Tibetan Plateau on my way to Beijing, I was intrigued to see vast stretches without any sign of settlement. Mybe its about time you drove through Tibet and ask the Tibetans what they want.

Maybe you´ll find this interesting, The Dalai Lama has never asked for Tibetan independence. The whole independent issue is raised to discredit the Chinese.

Having said this, as someone interested in learning the both sides, I will definately buy Mikel´s book, It sure seems worth reading.

PS: Another tip: Its a revier´s job to tell how many pages are there in the book, when was it published, where its available and for a cash strapped reader like me, its cost.

Ashish: Dear Mr Pradhan,

You might be a good writer but I suggest you don´t write book reviews anymore. If you would like to write an article on the topic then perhaps you should take that approach. Also, you forgot to mention how this book is relevant to Nepal, and the role we had in finally defeating the Khampas movement. Please try and be an unbiased reviewer. And if you do not listen to criticism of your writing, unless you are very very talented (which i doubt), your career as a journalist is sure to fail.

Tirtha Ram Acharya: Dear Mr Pradhan

Thank you for your response to my review of your review. There are still some problems though.

Of course as a reviewer you are free to speak your mind, but that has to be withing a set parameter. You cannot just make it too personal so much so that your readers find it hard to distinguish what is the book about, how it approaches the issue and so on.

Its one thing to be passionate aboout something, but as a reviewer your job is to make sure that your biases and passions do not influence your writing that many people are going to read.

Good luck and keep writing!

sarad pradhan: Thanks Ashish Ji for discouragement and Tirtha Ji for encouragement to write more reviews. I will definitely take your suggestions positively. It´s very difficult to write everything in 700 word about a book of 400 pages. Whoever writes, there is bound to be some lapses. Please read the book first and let me know whether I justify the book in 700 words. Tirtha Ji, I am trying to imbibe the international norms of writing review in my writing. I am sure it´s hard to digest this kind of writing, devoid from stereotype of review. Thanks Ashish ji for caring for my career. Unfortunately, I am not a journalist at the moment, I left newspaper almost 1 decade ago and during my stint as a journalist, I wrote almost 4 dozens of book reviews that you still can see the quotation of my review in the jacket of some of the books available in the market.

Precursor to NTY 2011

2010-01-06T20:28:00.000-08:00

Appeared in The Week, The Republica on January 1, 2010

Precursor to NTY 2011

SARAD PRADHAN
Tourism is an unpredictable but resilient industry. A small disturbance, either national or international, is enough to drive entire past efforts to ground zero. As Nepal is celebrating Nepal Tourism Year (NTY) in 2011, all efforts and resources will now be synthesized to conclude it successfully.

To put it succinctly, Nepal’s tourism industry will face real challenges in 2010, rather than in 2011, because the success of this event depends on the homework that the tourism sector does in 2010.

As a prelude to 2011, a mega event is being organized on February 5, 2010 as part of its launch in Kathmandu by Nepal Tourism Year secretariat inviting people from of all walks of life to express their solidarity to convert NTY into a national campaign. The major challenges that Nepali tourism industry will face in 2010, apart from political uncertainty and regular Nepal bandas and chakkajam, are accessibility, accommodation and infrastructure.

The brighter side is that there are 23 airlines flying to Nepal. But the grimmer side is more appalling because they carry fewer tourists, and more Nepalis. In 1999, tourist arrivals by air were 421,243 but there were hardly 12 international airlines flying to Nepal. In contrast, there were 21 airlines in 2008, and the tourists they carried were 374,661. Similarly, Nepal Airlines brought 123,458 tourists in 1999 but it reduced to 21,000 in 2008.

The hope that we have had on Nepal Airlines for the revival of tourism arrivals as before with new planes has been crashed due to the tug of war between Nepal Airlines and the government. So the real need is to have more airlines that carry tourists to Nepal rather than the ones that occupy the slots in the crowded and crammed Tribhuvan International Airport. If the government allows ATR aircraft to fly abroad, there are high chances, for instance, to have more tourists from India directly to Pokhara.

Many hotels have been closed over the years and there is no sign of building new hotels in 2010. So there could be more problems of accommodation in 2010, especially during the high seasons, if tourist arrivals increase substantially. However, if the travel industry makes use of the new apartments that have been mushrooming in the Kathmandu Valley for accommodation, it may mitigate the shortage of rooms to some extent.

In 2010, it is also equally important to give a facelift to Tribhuvan International Airport in general, including the airport taxi, immigration, and restrooms. Before we bring tourists, we have to keep our house in order to welcome them.

There is also a need to improve the snail-pace traffic in the Valley.

To put it in a nutshell, Nepal will have a great opportunity in the name of NTY to spruce up the beauty of its cities and villages in course of celebrating 2010 with more events and programs than before. At least, these activities will help eclipse the darker side of the country amongst the potential visitors to Nepal.

Remembering Parijat

2009-02-26T01:07:00.000-08:00

;Demgfsf] t/]nLdf kfl/hft lblb

–z/b k|wfg

s]lx lbg cl3 dfq d]/f] em08} b'O{ bzssf] kqsfl/tf hLjgdf d}n] ;fIffTsf/ u/L hLjgL n]v]sf ;flxTosf/x?sf] gfdfjnL ;f]rL/x]sf] lyPF . w]/} ;flxTosf/x? t lbj+ut eO;Sg' ePsfn] ca sf] rfFlx afFrL/x]sf xf]nfg\ eg]/ 3f]lTn/x]sf] lyPF . /d]; ljsn ca /x]gg\ eg]/ km];a'sdf Ps kqsf/ alxgLn] n]v]sf] k9] kl5 d]/f] gfdfjnLdf Ps gfd ylkof] eg]/ dgdf lr;f] k:of] . laut s]lx dlxgf cl3 dfq slj OZj/ jNnesf] lgwgn] lbj+ut x'g]x?sf] gfdfjln nlDaPsf] dxz'; u/]sf] lyPF . ca t w]/} ;flxTosf/x? s]jn ;+emgfsf] t/]nLdf dfq afFls /x]] .

s]bf/dfg Aolyt, s]zj/fh lk8fFnL, ljgf]bk|;fb lwtfn, hgsnfn zdf{, 8f= O{Zj/ a/fn, ljho dNn ;a} uP of] ;+;f/nfO{ 5f]8]/ . t/ dnfO{ n]Vg k|]/0ff lbg] kfl/hft lblbsf] ;+emgf d]/f] dfg;k6df ulx/f] 5fk a;]sf] 5 . sl/a @^ jif{ cl3 æl;DdfÆ gf6ssf] k|bzgL{sf] l;nl;nfdf bflh{lnË cfpg'xF'bf e]6]sf] kfl/hft lblb, ;fob Ps ;flxTosf/ eGbf al9 d]/f] nflu cleefjs x'g'x'GYof] . kfl/hft lblbnfO{ lnPsf] cGt/jftf{ g} d]/f] k|yd ;flxlTos ofqfsf] yfngL lyof], clkt' Tof] ofqf nfdf] ;do;Dd nlDag ;s]g ljleGg sf/0fjz . ;Demgf cem} klg cfnf] 5 . lblbn] x:tfIf/ u/]/ lbPsf] lzl/ifsf] km'nsf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb (Blue Mimosa) sf lstfa kfpFbf v';Ln] w]/} ;fyLx?nfO{ b]vfPsf] . x'gt d]/f] hLjgsf] klxnf] hflu/ g} kfl/hft lblbsf] l;kmfl/;df ePsf] xf] t/ klg hflu/n] lblb;Fusf] ;fldKotf kSs} NofPsf] xf]Og . d}n] n]v]sf kfl/hft lblbsf] k|;Fux? s'g} gf}nf] xf]Ogg\ / x'g klg ;Sb}gg\ t/ sltko s'/fx? ;fob ;do ;fk]If x'G5 eg]/ d}n] n]Vg k|of; u/]sf] x'F .

k|foM xKtfdf Ps lbg ukm ug{sf nflu hfg] afgL al;;s]sfn] xf]nf kfl/hft lblbsf] 3/ jf :s'n egf}+ d]/f] lglDt ;Fw} v'Nnf lyP . lblb;Fu a;]/ 306f}+ ;flxlTos ukm ug'{ d]/f] lglDt lbgrof{ lyof] . c?n] n]Vg cfF6 ug{ g;s]sf s'/f s'g} 8/ / qf; ljgf n]Vg ;Sg' lblbsf] v'aL lyof] . k|;+u Pp6f To:t} 5 . :j= n}gl;+x afËb]nn] Pp6f /l;ofnL syfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ n]v]sf] d'n's aflx/ pkGof;sf af/]df n]Vg s;}n] cfF6 u/]gg\ lsgls afËb]n To;a]nf g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf s'nklt lyP . Tof] /l;ofnL lstfa d;Fu ePsfn] d}n] w]/}nfO{ To; ljifodf n]Vg cfu|x u/+] t/ sf]xL dfg]gg\ . t/ kfl/hft lblbn] d]/f] k|;Ë hf]8\b} Tof] rf]/L ;flxTodfly n]v] Pp6f klqsfdf t/ kl5 To; ljifonfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ rrf{sf] ljifo agfpg s;}n] rfx]gg\ .

cfˆgf] n]Vg] ljifo a:t'df cWoog u/]/ dfq n]Vg k5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof] kfl/hft lblbsf] . kl/eflift cfFvfx? n]Vbfsf] k|;Ë d clxn] klg e'lNbg . of] pkGof; n]Vg] qmddf lblbn] k|foM h;f] o;sf] ljifoa:t' dfly rrf{ ug'{x'GYof] . w]/} ufx«f] k|;Ë jf ljifoj:t' cfPdf To; ljifosf] la1x?;Fu ;Nnfx lng] u/]sf s'/fx? ug'{x'GYof] .

kfl/hft lblbsf] xlSs :jefjsf] sf/0fn] w]/} dflg;x? lblb;Fu n]v dfUg jf cGt/jftf{ lng cfF6 ul/ xfNb}g lyP . ldng;f/ t lyOg\ lblb t/ rfs8L / rfkn';Laf6 w]/} k/ . g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ bfO{nfO{ Pp6f k':tssf] lglDt kfl/hft lblbsf] cGt/jftf{ rflxPsf] lyof] . t/ lblbn] pxfF;Fu ;f]em} cGt/jftf{ glbg] eg] kl5 d dfkm{t sl/a ! 306fsf] cGt/jftf{ lbg'eof] . ;fob Tof] l/s8{ ePsf] rSsf k|;fO{ bfO{;Fu clxn] klg ;'/lIft xf]nf .

dnfO{ cem klg ;+emgf 5 Tof] sf]7fsf] hxfF lblb;Fu d}n] w]/} If0f latfPF ;flxlTos ukm u/]/ . cgfjZos dfG5]x? cfPsf] dg gk/fpg] kfl/hft lblb l;ldt dfG5]x?;Fu dfq ukm ug{ dg k/fpg'x'GYof] . ljZj ;flxTosf] /fd|f] cWoog ug'{x'g] lblb pxfF s} l;kmfl/;df d}n] lrlgofF n]vs n' ;'gsf] syf, km|fG;]nL ;flxTosf/ hfF kn ;fqsf] lstfa k9\g] cj;/ kfPF . /l;ofnL n]vsx?sf] pkGof; / syf k9\g ?rfpg] kfl/hft lblb k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf] pkb]zfTds cfVofg eGbf dfly p7]/ jt{dfg ;dfhsf] lrq0f u/]sf] kfpF5f}+ lblbsf syfx? / pkGof;df . kfl/hft lblbn] g} ;'emfj lbPsf] cfwf/df d}n] lk6/ h] sfy{ssf] æk|To]s 7fpF k|To]s dfG5] Æ pkGof; bf]xf]¥ofO{ k9]+ .

d}n] lnPsf] Pp6f cGt/jftf{df lblbnfO{ s'g s'g ljZj:t/Lo ;flxTosf/x?;Fu k|efljt x'g'x'G5 eg]/ ;f]w]sf] k|Zgdf lblb eGg'x'GYof] æPp6f Pp6f s[ltx?nfO{ lnP/ d ljZj:t/Lo w]/} ;flxTosf/x?;Fu k|efljt 5'Ù h:t} PldnL a|f]Gb], leS6/ Xo'uf], df]/fleof, Pldn hf]nf, bf]:tfa:sL, uf]sL{, cf]a|f]A:sL, yfªdL, n';'g, cfOg /fO8, Pn]S; x]nL, k|]drGb, d'n's/fh cfgGb, lje"lt e"if0f jGwf]kfWofo cflb . g]kfnL ;flxTodf eg] To:tf] n]vs pEofO;s]sf] 5}g Æ . ;f]xL cGt/jftf{df kfl/hft lblbnfO{ d's'6 klqsfdf k|sflzt sljtf æhLjg Ps j]jfl/; d[To'sf] d'r'NsfÆ df AoQm ul/Psf] Ps x/km …Pp6f nf;;Dd gc6fpg] Ps rf]S6f l9:sf]sf] lglDt dnfO{ dg'{ 5}g df6f]sf] lglDt… af/]df ;f]lwPsf]df lblb eGg'x'GYof] æof] sljtf d}n] hLjgsf] clt lj;+ut kIf ef]lu/x]sf] a]nf / lj;+ut dgl:yltsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ n]v]sL x'F . cfˆgf] laut e|dk"0f{ ljrf/x?sf] lglDt d tkfFO{x? ;dIf cfTdfnf]rgf u5'{ Æ . cfˆgf] sljtf k|lt o:tf] cfTdfnf]rgf ug]{ ;fob sd} sljx? xf]nfg\ g]kfnL ;flxTodf . of] cGt/jftf{ bflh{lnËaf6 k|sflzt ælxdfnr'nLÆ df @)#( df 5flkPsf] lyof] . kfl/hft lblb s} cg'dltaf6 d}n] @)$( df ;Dkfbg u/]sf] æcf:yfÆ ;flxlTos klqsfdf k"gM k|sflzt u/]sf] lyPF . Tolx klqsfdf kfl/hft lblbsf] Pp6f d'Qms 5flkPsf] lyof] . d'Qms eP klg To; leq b]zdf ljBdfg l:yltnfO{ /fd|f] lrq0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

æ j;Gt ;w}+ em}+ cfPs} xf]

;dodf /+uL–r+uL km'nx? km'n] s} 5g\

xfFufx?df dfq km'n ;hfpg] xftx? jfFlwP5g\

dfq b[Zo x]g]{ cfFvfx? gh/aGb eP5g\ .

un}rf a'g]s} 5g\

emf/ kft / dl;gf km'nx?n] r/fx? lr/lj/fP s} 5g\

laxfgLsf] ;+s]t lbP/ s]jn 6]Sg] sf]dn kfOnfx? kfgL sf]/ln km'ln/x]5g\ Æ .

hg cfGbf]ng efu Psdf kfl/hft lblbn] v]n]sf e"ldsf w]/} h;f]sf] dgdf cem} klg cfnf] ;+emgfsf] ;dodf afFsL g} 5 . ;f+;fl/s cfjZostf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lblbn] b]vfPsf] ;fx;sf] w]/}n] sb/ u/] t/ ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lblbk|lt s'g} ;b\efjgf b]vfOPg . lblbn] @)$^ ;fn e/ e"ldut ?kdf rnfPsf] klqsf OGb|]0fL ;flxTosf s]lx c+sx? d;Fu clxn] klg ;'/lIft 5 . cu|:yfgdf n]lvPsf] ;Dkfblso, sljtf / n]vx?n] el/Psf] pQm klqsfsf csf{ ;Dkfbs lyP– xl/uf]ljGb n'FO6]n . ;+o'Qm hg–cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff / lj/f]wsf tflnsfx? 5flkPsf] Tof] klqsf e"ldut ?kdf d}n] klg w]/} k|rf/–k|;f/ u/]sf] lyP .

kfs snf / km'n /f]Kgdf w]/} zf}]lsg kfl/hft lblb lzsf/ / s':tL v]nnfO{ 3[0ff ug'{x'GYof] . d}n] gu]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ bfO{sf] lglDt lnPsf] cGt/jftf{df lblbn] cfˆgf] n]vg ;DaGwL Pp6f /x:osf] ufF7f] km'sfpg' ePsf] lyof] . lzl/ifsf] km'n n]Vg cl3 kfl/hft lblbn] rf/ j6f pkGof; n]Vg' ePsf] lyof] hf] qmdzM ;+3if{, dfgj cGt/ofdL, j/lkkn / zf/bf lyP . t/ ;Gtf]if gnfu]/ ;a} hnfOPsf lyP .

;flxTon] /fhgLltsf] s]lx af]em af]lslbg' k5{ eGg] ljrf/sL kfl/hft lblb cfkm}+nfO{ /fhgLlts b:tfj]h n]Vg] ;flxTosf/ xf]Og eGg'x'GYof] . slxn] klg kb / k};fsf] lglDt s;}sf] kl5 gs'b\g] kfl/hft lblb g]kfnL ;flxTos hutdf Pp6f pbfx/0fLo AolQmTj x'g\ – Ps o'u ;|i6f .

Responses on Paradigm shift in political thinking

2008-07-17T04:11:00.000-07:00

On Sat, Jul 12, 2008 at 11:06 PM, r acharya <acharya_rp@hotmail.com> wrote:
Dear Saradji Thanks a lot for Ur interesting article in The KTM Post. It is very relevent in our context now.

- Rajeshwar Acharya

On 7/13/08, #CHANDRA SING GURUNG# <CHAN0397@ntu.edu.sg> wrote:
Dear Sarad Jee,
I agree with you. By the way, when you name Lee Kuan Yew, it has to be in full or just write Mr. Lee or LKY commonly known in Singapore. Keep it up though.

Regards,
Chandra Sing Gurung
Postgraduate Student
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore

Dear Mr. Pradhan,

Warm Greetings from the home! I am reading your articles "Paradigm shift in political thinking" in todays's The Kathmandu Post. Excellent article in appropriate time. Your efforts in sperading such views is highly commendable. I hope those leaders who claim themselves have nation building visions must reat it and have lessons. They do not have to spend time in speech or reading or travelling overeseas for it. If they are honest to the nation and people, they can get it from your article. To be frank to tell you that I have been reading articles written by various Nepal's renowned PhD holders. I am tired with their articles and I hate to call them PhD holders. I have found them very poor in attitudes more than begger attitudes. I cannot makeup any clues on their messages; why they write and for what purposes! Almost all articles, I found them with a complete bianess or inclined with one's personal interest in pleasing to; USA, India, China, individual poliical parties, or king etc. This is not appropriate time in nepal to please some one. It is time for us to know what is right and wrong and what we can do for nation and people. As of today, I must say this is the only ariticle I found dedicated to the nation and peoples interest. I can say your article is simple but contains valuable message. I am afraid on very few poeple have read it. Also those so called statemens may not have it in hand. I suggest, if possible rewrite in Nepali and publishe in Nepali newspaprs too. Also strongly I suggest, if possible print in Nepali and distribute to those leaders who are crying to death saying that they have visions of nation building. Mr. Pradhan, as a public of Nepal, I extend you my warm salute in writing such mesage for Neal and nepalese's inerest. Please keep it up. One day, we would know what you mean it. Thank you and have a good day!

Shyam Shrestha

Dear Mr. Pradhan,

Greetings from home! So nice of you responsing my mail. Tons of thanks for. Exactly , I agree with your thoughts and afraid of being the same as you mentioned. Do it now and if possible just distribute it to the concerned leaders individually, requesting them do not go far for the national building lessons and tell them, if you are honest and sincere to the nation and people and have lessons from the nations and leaders what you have examples.This example would be a fundamental matra to them in leading the nation towards the economic developments. Pradhan jee, please keep up your spirit to the end for collective interest. All best to you and namaste

Shyam Shrestha

On 7/14/08, Kanak Kshetri <kanak@mit.edu> wrote:
Dear Sir,

I read with great interest your article in the Nepalnews site. I thought it was incoherent, lacked any thesis, and contradictory. Despite the theatrical introductory paragraph bashing "despotism", you cite yet another "despot", Lee Kuan Yew, as a positive figure, which is frankly, illogical. Even your conclusion talks about needing a "person", when it is quite clear, both by your sentiment and by the general demagoguery demonstrated in the past few years that the nepali people seem to have only a selfish motive to rule the country by themselves. It is thus, hypocritical for you to claim that nepal needs a "savior", when you are so busy in your theatrical decrying of "despots".

-kanak

What an inspirational and yet, contradictory piece of writing.

Should Nepal also look for a non-democrat like Lee Kuan Yew to lead our country? He delivered for Singapore, no doubt, but Singapore is definitely not a democracy. Is this what the writer is proposing for Nepal? If Gyanendra had delivered economic progress to Nepal, would this writer celebrate his autocracy the way he celebrates Lee Kuan Yew?

Popularity may not be a parameter to achieve economic growth but it is certainly THE parameter to remain in office. Again, is the writer suggesting that Nepal go back to an autocracy where popular vote counts for nothing?

My recommendation to Mr. Pradhan is that he undertake a paradigm shift in his own thought process - from wishful thinking to being more firmly grounded in reality. Only after he has reconciled with himself may be propound advice to the rest of us. Hopefully, of the rational variety.
Baje- In Nepalnews.com

Re: Paradigm shift in political thinking

« Reply #2 on: July 11, 2008, 03:39:45 am »

Leaving slight exception on the contents of article,the most thoughtful,adoptable,actualistic master piece of author,brought by Mr.Sarad Pradhan,seems to be highly commendable,read-wprthy and appreciative as well.
Certainly,Nepal and entire Nepali people ,with exception to blind indoctrinated and selfish oriented followers of so called democratic parties, are looking for a statesman to run the most troubled and disturbed nation who have strong will power and dedication to nation like Lee Kwan Yee and ,devoted to democracy and national reconciliation as well as wider and tender heart to accepting the ex-enemy as a friend and team-member essential to succeed noble mission of rebuilding the nation like great leader Nelson Mandela,Frm president of S.Africa.But,unfortunately there is not yet seen any possibility to have such statesman at this point of time in Nepal.
So, with the heavy heart and despite of unwillingness it seems that there is a mandatory in saying: Nepalis are still need to have more troublesome and insecured time to pass ahead atleast for few more years because of thses power hunger,selfish and puppets of external power who are known as a politicians and party-leaders who are not hesitating from self-claiming as saying savor of democracy,nation and people.There is another very important as well as dangerous situation as well,if the independent scholars,neutral political thinkers,intellectuals and real democrats with nothing to do with sole partisan politics,have not really be alert and putting enough and strong moral and other essential pressure on thses power-mongers and puppets leaders for not working anti-national and anti-democratic way,there higher posssibility of failure nation ultimately resulting to lose natinal identity is almost seen as certain.
Jaya Nepal !

-
Chintit Nepali in Nepalnews.com

Yes,I do agree that there are many so called leaders who apart from claiming homeland savers,convert from heroes to despots.And it's curios that the countries where a bunch of people claim to be so, have many problems in reality!Look at Burma,the army general acts as an authentic salvador of nation.Singapore is wealthiest but I don't think a country with institutional freedom and civil liberty.

-Nirmal Ghimire, in Nepalnews.com


	Logged

Soch, Invisible Trade and me

2008-06-30T09:44:00.000-07:00

By Sarad Pradhan

"What did you do in this Dashain," jibed my friends at office, tongue in check expecting a stereotype of answer. My uncanny answer took them off guard as I told them I finished reading two interesting and intriguing books at one go. In fact, two books were a kind of Dashain bonus for me which kept me busy throughout the Dashain like playing cards did for others. For last few months, I have heard many times that Karna Sakya was impregnated with ideas to write a book on what he thinks and feels. Finally, I did manage to buy a copy of his latest book Soch in the same day as it released. In the meantime, another book that I was longing to read for a long time finally made its way to Kathmandu through DHL from Singapore. The book is about the flourishing invisible trade sprawling all over Singapore that Singaporeans pretend to be not known well.

As I progressed reading Soch, my elderly parents told me to read out loudly to make them heard. One of the reasons to read Karna Sakya's Soch vociferously to my parents was that my own thinking resembles very much with his writing. He is an exponent of positive thinking. And, it reflects in his writing. I don't know how honest he was while
writing this book but the matrix of his career shows lucidly that he is sure-footed and knows what is best for him and the nation. One thing that falls short in his book is about his personal life. I could read between the lines while going through some passages. But his art of writing always keep his readers at bay while taking them to virtual reality of his life- you feel it but cannot touch kind. Soch makes people to think themselves as Hanuman- the monkey god of bygone age with immense capability without realization. What we need is Jambuwan- wise bear among monkeys soldiers of Sukrib-like Karna to make us feel that we are not as worst as we think of ourselves. It didn't take a long time for me to finish it before starting titillating book by Gerrie Lim who writes for The Wall Street Journal, Playboy among others.

A couple of months ago my eyes were caught by a news about a book called Invisible Trade which topped the chart of bestsellers because of its candid approach to prostitution in a country like Singapore. Having been there in 1997 with 24 days stay, it was beyond my comprehension to realize the fact that the area I stayed is also a part of invisible trade, particularly for Chinese clients that Lim mentioned in his book. Unlike academic dissertation, Gerrie Lim explores the secret world of high-priced sex workers in Invisible
Trade with a series of lucid portraits offering insights into this remarkable area of modern commerce which is being operated in the name of escorting. May it sound bizarre but it is true in Singapore that the pervert willingly pays US$ 300 per hour just to get strangled by
an escort girl with her thighs which produces a terrific rush when he climaxes. Alas! Poor me, I did not know then men could have had kick out of choking sensation. Invisible Trade is a testimony of Singapore's double set of morality where oral sex is punishable but prostitution is legal within a certain area. But Singaporean government understand well that it generates millions of dollar revenue which escort agencies pay in form of tax and brings millions of tourists who make it a transit point to relax.

Soch and Invisible Trade never made me bore to tears throughout reading as both books deal with tourism in one way or others. But for Nepali readers, Soch gives more insight into their past and present. To be honest, it is just a layman comment, not a critical analysis of an expert. Soch makes you ponder to understand the reality of our progress, the success that we achieved, and most importantly it mirrors what we really are.

Paradigm shift in Political thinking

2008-06-20T01:07:00.000-07:00

By Sarad Pradhan

Until four or five years ago, it was thought to be weird idea even to think of Nepal as Republican Monarchless State. For many people, Nepal without king was unthinkable, let alone Republican. For them, Monarch was a symbol of national unity, an embodiment of nationalism and patriotism. But the choice majority of Nepali people had was different from what many loyalists presumed to be. Like their king, they lived in an imagery world inundated with illusion. Gloried by sycophants as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and swayed temporal power, he pretended to be a benevolent king who does not harm and acted as savior of all Nepalis delivering false promises.

With a rapid transformation of polity, Nepal is now embracing all kind of social changes that have not seen or heard before. Political wrangle that we have witnessed at the moment to keep themselves in the helm of power speaks volume about the mentality of our politicians who have tenacity to glue with power. Lesson that history taught us that power is like a currency which keeps on passing from one to another should be learned by the leaders. It was with Gyanendra Shah, and it could be with anybody in future. If any party or person fails to deliver the good governance to the people, there is no alternative for them besides handing over the baton to more competent one for the sake of nation and its people. It is right time for our leaders-be it political or social- to go through From Third to First World, which is a Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore. It is reportedly said that Deng Xiaoping, the man who did more than any other to put China on the path to modernization, had had several parleys with Lee Kuan after China embraced liberal economy in 1978 for learning the lesson for its transformation. Like Nepal, Singapore also had giant neigbours- Malaysia and Indonesia when it achieved independence. Media Magnet Rupert Murdoch has aptly commented on the book: " More than forty years, Lee Kuan Yew transformed what was a poor, decrepit colony into a shining, rich and modern metropolis-all the time surrounded by hostile powers. With his brilliant, incisive intellect, he is one of the world's most outspoken and respected statesmen. This book is a 'must read' for any student of modern Asia." The book also tells how he attracted foreign investment in Singapore keeping its interest uphold. To achieve giant leap in the economic development, Lee Kuan is the right role model to follow for economic development, if not a political hero to be cherished with. And, many erudite thinkers and planners suggested Third World countries that this book is a Bible that they should read for development.

Political leaders should understand it clearly that political popularity is not a parameter to achieve economic growth. There should be parity both in theory and action. In this age of globalization, it's impossible to develop a nation without emerging itself into global community. China has modernized its economy- partly by getting foreign firms to pay the tab. It is because it has changed earlier policy and prodded to liberal economy by giving chance to poor becoming richer, not vice versa. "Mao's Cultural Revolution devastated China, crushing its intellectual, scientific, and artistic capability, eliminating its educational system, and ruining its economy. When Mao died in 1976, he left behind a nation of penniless peasants. Now that his Communist Party has done an about-face, gradually rejoining the world economy, moving toward a market economy and taking nation through an industrial revolution, incomes are rising and the once quashed spirit of Chinese is reappearing, " writes Forbes Foreign Correspondent Ms. Robyn Meredith in her famous book about India and China: The Elephant and the Dragon. As recently as fifteen years ago, nearly everyone in China was equally poor, but incomes are stratifying quickly. China already has 320,000 millionaires. A Chinese journalist friend of mine told me recently that he wanted to see Nepal following the footstep of modern China, not the old one.

People often forget things so easily but memory of tyrants and terrors keep on haunting them for a long time. We have uprooted the despotic king not to beget another despot in future. Nepal cannot afford to have another despot. What people want and wish to have is dramatic change in their social and economic life. Many countries in the world had same kind of living standard as we had in early sixties. Because of bad governance and lack of political and economic vision of the leaders, we are lagged behind so miserably that it's a sheer humiliation for us to compare ourselves with them. Though beginning of New Nepal is not as good as we expected because it seems nobody wants to relinquish power and position for people who elected them, New Constitution will definitely address the social, political and economic rights of the people. Unless and until, people are not made well equipped with education, disparity continues to surface in one or another form in society. At the moment, Nepal is in need of a person with rectitude, not the one with megalomaniac attitude. We don't need a callous leader. We need someone who takes us to new height along with him in tandem, not leaving us behind as many leaders did in the past.

With Two Generation

2008-06-11T21:20:00.000-07:00

From Left: Renowned mountaineer and son of Late Sir Edmund Hillary- Mr. Peter Hillary, his daughter Amelia Hillary and Me at Tenzing Hillary Lukla Airport before boarding a plane on May 31, 2008.

Litterateur Ishwor Ballabh passes away

2008-03-23T03:01:00.000-07:00

Renowned litterateur Ishwor Ballabh passed away in Kathmandu March 23, 2008 morning after suffering a major heart stroke.
He taught at Turnbull School, Darjeeling in early sixties. He was one of the founders of Tesro Aayam along with Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kainla. He got married with Kamala Chettri of Mantulal Building near GDNS Hall.
A heart patient since long, Ballabh died while being rushed to the Norvic Hospital in Thapathali after he complained of severe pain in his chest in the morning. He was 73.
One of the leading figures of 'Tesro Aayam' (third dimension) and 'Lila Lekhan' (magical realism) movement in Nepali literature along with fellow writers Indra Bahadur Rai and Bairagi Kaila, he had more than a dozen books under his name ranging from poetry, drama, novels and essays.
A versatile writer who would be remembered more as a poet and a lyricist par-excellence, one of Ballabh's widely read book of poetry is Ago ka phul haru hoon, Ago ka phul haru hoinan, for which he received the prestigious Madan Puraskar . He was also life-time member of the National Academy.
Ballabh's last rites were performed at the Pashupati Aryaghat

Q&A with Sarad Pradhan Nepal Tourism Board with questions from the staff at EverestNews.com 3/19/2008

2008-03-19T04:17:00.000-07:00

Dear Sarad Pradhan, Please reply to these questions as soon as possible, so people can understand where things are.
All questions apply to Everest climbing In Nepal (not Tibet)1.) Can climbers summit Mt Everest before May 1st? if not why not?
Ans: Climbers can summit Mt. Everest before May 1st. But the concern of Chinese authority is that there should not be any climber on the top during the expedition of Olympic torch. Climbing Everest is not like a marathon, and you need the support of all kinds of people like Sherpas, high-altitude porters, Sardar etc. to climb it successfully.
2.) Can climbers climb above base camp between May 1 and May 10th?
Ans: Various associations related with tourism in Nepal including Nepal Mountaineering Association have submitted an appeal to the government saying that they would not allow any expedition to go beyond 3rd camp during this period and would not allow any anti-Chinese in the Everest region.
3.) If climbers cannot climb above Base camp between May 1 and May 10th, then why not?
Ans: I think I have given answer above.
4.) Can climbers summit for sure on May 11th, or is another delay possible if the Chinese do not summit before May 10th?
Ans: I cannot predict it. Assumption doesn't work in this kind of issue.
5.) What happens if the Chinese do not summit until late, like May 23rd? Which is what happened a couple of years ago. Then what?
Ans: It's difficult for me to answer on 'Ifs' because it all depends on the situation. I cannot make assumption.
6.) Will Chinese climbers or the torch be on the Nepal side of the Mountain at all?
Ans: Top of Everest is shared both by Nepal and China. As far as I know they climb from North and descend from the North itself.
7.) At least one company attempted to obtain a permit yesterday from Nepal and was told that the people were out of town. When will Nepal permits again?
Ans: The government will issue the permission once the technical problem is solved.
8.) Are there multiple people who can issue permits or only one man?
Ans: The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation issue the permission, not by individual. There is certain formality to complete for it.
9.) Are trekkers allowed to go to Base camp between now and May 1st?
Ans: Trekkers are allowed to go to Base camp any time. But they have to obtain TIMS certificate from Nepal Tourism Board or Trekking Agents Association of Nepal before embarking the trek. TIMS is distributed free of cost and it's for keeping record of trekkers.
10.) Will there be a limit from Nepal on the number of permits issued?
Ans: As far as I know there is no policy right now existed to limit the climbing.
11.) Is Nepal concerned that by the climbers not being able to climb between May 1 and May 10th, that the climb could be more dangerous that normal?
[No Answer was given.]
12.) Do you see ANY possibility that climbers will be able not to climb after May 10th?
Ans: As I said earlier, it all depends on the development of situation at that moment. It's difficult for me to predict on this issue right now.
Sarad Pradhan Nepal Tourism Board 3/19/2008

No ban on climbing Himalayas including Everest: MoCTCA

2008-03-18T09:03:00.000-07:00

The Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation(MoCTCA) issuing a press statement on March 18, 2008 denied the claim that it has suspended the mountaineering expedition to Mt. Everest saying that the dissemination of false information quoting the ministry in this issue has drawn the attention of MoCTCA. MoCTCA in its press statement said that the Ministry has not banned climbing expedition on Mt. Everest and other Himalayan peaks and the policy related to mountaineering expeditions has remained same as previous. Issuing the press statement, Spokesperson of MoCTCA, Joint Secretary Mr. Prem Kumar Rai has requested all media to contact spokesperson of the ministry for the fact before disseminating the information concerning with the Ministry.

Bahas in Kathmandu Valley

2008-03-12T03:40:00.001-07:00

Kathmandu Valley, a well known repository of medieval art and architecture also houses the largest conglomeration of medieval Buddhist monuments in the form of monasteries or Vihars- locally known as Baha in Newari dialect. In addition to religious sanctity, these Viharas or Bahas offer a living testimony of Buddhist Art flourished since the medieval times. Architecturally, a Baha, usually consists of a square central hall or courtyard enclosed by small rooms or cells, with the main shrine opposite the main entrance.
The deity enthroned inside the main shrine is called Kwapa-dyo, an image of the Buddha sitting in Vajrasana and showing the 'Bhumisparsa (earth touching) 'gesture. The courtyards contain at least one Chaitya. Other common features of a Baha is a 'Torana' (tympanum) over the main entrance and the main is entrance guarded by two stone mythical lions. From the inside, the main entrance is flanked by two Hindu deities Mahakal and Ganesh as the Guardians. The Baha or Bahis have a finial or a small tower on the roof above the main shrine. Although in the mediavel times, the Bahas were used to house communities of celibate monks, presently the Bahas are inhabited by the descendants of the monks who returned to common family life. They are known as Vajracharyas and Shakyas. There are said to be 356 Vihars (Large and small) of which only a few of the famous ones are listed below as representative guide to visit these marvelous Buddhist heritage.
Kathmandu
Kumari Baha or Kumari Chen :
Located just opposite the famous Gaddi Baithak in the eastern part of Kathmandu Durbar Square, the complex of Kumari Baha also house the goddess of Kumari - the Royal deity. The Baha or Vihar consists of a three storeyed structure built round an enclosed courtyard and the main entrance is guarded by two huge stone lions. The external facade and inside facade facing the courtyards are embellished with the exquisite wood carved windows and doors. The main shrine is directly opposite to the entrance and there is a stupa / Chaitya in the courtyard. Aside from serving as a Vihar, this is primarily the shrine of the living goddess 'Kumari' a Buddhist girl - chosen and worshipped as an incarnation of Hindu mother deity.
Kwa- Baha:
This is situated in the northern part & Kathmandu in Tha-hiti a few minutes walk from the famous Thamel locality. The shrine is a three storeyed building surmounted by a small cupola. An artistically decorated by wooden frames, the door of the main entrance is flanked by the images of Sariputra and Mandgalyana
• two principal attendants of Lord Buddha.
Inside the courtyard are an 'Ashokan Chaitya' a stupa structure of earlier period and a common small Chaitya on a pillar. The steps leading to the main shrine are flanked by two metal lions.
Musya Baha:
Located in Jyatha adjacent to Tha-hiti, this Baha is one of the few typical Baha structures left intact. The entire building is of two storeys. The main deity (Kwapa-dyo) is an image of Aksobhya facing north and the main door of the shrine is guarded by two stone lions. Wooden carved struts support the entire tiled roof structure.
Dhwaka Baha:
A few minutes walk down the road from Masya Baha is Dhwakabaha is a aspacious courtyard with the shrine of the main deity 'Aksobbya' located in the south-east corner facing north. Although the vihar has not been able to retain its original structure - due to the severe damage in the great earthquake of 1934, there are three stupas of which two stupas date back to Licchavi period testifying antiquity of the place. Historians have ascribed the origin of the Vihar to not later than 7th century A.D.
Chusya Baha:
Located in Jyatha Tole - a minutes walk down the road from Musya Baha, Chusya Baha, probably is the finest example of Baha architectures. Directly opposite the entrance is the shrine of Akshobhya the Kwapadyo, facing north. The entrance is flanked by two elephants. One of the most striking features of the Baha is the series of beautifully carved struts supporting the courtyard. As the struts are ascribed to the fourteenth century A.D., it is believed the origin of the monastery could be dated even earlier.
Itum Baha:
Situated a little west of Kilagal Tole, Itum Baha is one of the largest and oldest of Vihar complexes. It is a large, rectangular courtyard and surrounded on three sides by residential buildings. Although three other subsidiary vihars adjacent to the main courtyard comprise the vihar complex, the main shrine is located in second subsidiary courtyard. Over the entryway to this courtyard is an exquisitely carved wooden torana depicting an episode from Lord Gautam Buddha's life and is believed to belong sixteenth century A.D. or even earlier period. The main deity or the Kwapa dyo is an image of Aksobhya facing east- the main entrance. The Baha shrine is marked by a metal lions and stone lines flanked large temple bells. In the centre of the courtyard is an Chaitya (Stupa) and to the east of this a stylised stupa with large Buddha figures believed to be dated between eleventh or twelfth century.
Yatkha Baha:
A few walks from Itum Baha is another Baha in the Yatkha Tole. Although it does not bear any common features of a typical monastery anymore, this Baha is noted for a large stupa, in the centre of the large courtyard - surrounded by residential houses. The main shrine building is of recent renovation. However, the wooden 'Torana' is of unusual depiction of seven Buddhas and probably dates back to twelfth century A.D. The central stupa is a reminscent of the famous 'Swoyambhunath' Stupa.
Takse Baha:
The Baha is situated off Asan Tole - one of the busy bazaar areas of Kathmandu. The entrance to the shrine is marked by two stone lions each flanked by large temple bells. Over the doorway is a metal torana depicting Mahavairochana - the first of five celestial Buddhas. The main deity of the Vihar is an image 'Aksobhya' facing north. In the courtyard are an 'Asoka' chaitya and three other votive chaityas.
Te Baha:
A famous court yard or a locality in Kathmandu, is located in the eastern end of New road. Although the salient features of a typical Baha is virtually missing it is assumed the compound comprises two Bahas in medieval times. One of the main shrines 'Kwapa dyo' is situated among the buildings along the western side. The second 'Kwapadyo' is located in the center. The compound is more renowned because of other religious shrines and historic stupas existing here. Among others, within the complex are the house of a deity celled 'Sankata', the shrine of 'Bhadrakali' Chen (or the residence) two highly popular Shakta deities of the Kathmandu valley. In addition, the open area also houses several Licchavi - period stupas - chaityas. Historians attribute this area as of high historic importance and ascribe the origin to 5th century A.D.
Jana Baha:
Located in Kel Tole, this Baha is one of the most famous of all the Bahas of Kathmandu. Hundreds of devotees throng to this places since early morning to early afternoon. Also every evening, religious prayers are sung at the main entrance of the courtyard at the tunes of traditional devotional music. Culturally, this Baha is most well known as the home of White - Matshyendranath or Jana Baha dyo or Karunamaya - the compassionate one. Although, the Baha does not possess a typical Baha architecture (original structures destroyed in 1917 fire), the importance of the courtyard is enhanced by the shrine of Jan Baha dyo. The shrine is a two storeyed elaborately decorated temple. The whole facade of the temple is decorated with a great array of Buddhist figures and each of the three doorways has a repousse torana / tympanum.
Directly in front of the main door of the shrine is a small chaitya - known as Kanak Chaitya (presently a shape of white dome). In addition, the courtyard is filled with an array of stone images and thirty one votive stupas.
Sigha Baha:
Situated in the Naghal Tole - few minutes walk from Thamel is a Sigha Baha also known as Kathe Swoyambhu - a large courtyard with a huge stupa - reminiscent of the great Swayambhunath. The dome of the stupa rests on white-washed pedestal. Above the dome or Garbha is a four sided harmika with all-seeing eyes similar to those at Swayambhu. In the courtyard around the main stupa are a number of votive Chaityas. shrines including mother Harati and deities from Mahayan Pantheon. Offer important feature is a stone standing Padampani assigned to the ninth century A.D.
Syangu Baha:
The local Buddhist community of Kathmandu refer the famous Swoyambhunath shrines as Syangu dyo - and it is assumed there existed a Buddhist Baha in the olden times, However, the whole complex is dominated by the all famous "Swoyambhu Mahachaitya" - the huge white dome towered by harmika in each cardinal.
Tham Bahi:
Also known as Bhagwan Baha, Tham Bahi is one of the best preserved complex of its kind. Located in the northern part of old Kathmandu township the famous area of Thamel drives its name from Tham Bahi. The Bahi/monastery is only a stone's throw from the main bazaar of Thamel. The main shrine is located through an entryway which opens to the courtyard proper. The main shrine is directly opposite the entrance and is of three storeys with a large cuppola. The shrine is flanked by two mythical creatures Sardulas and lions. The main deity of the shrine is an image of Simha Sartha Bahu a legendary hero/ trader of ancient Kathmandu. The complex is typical with a two storied building with open halls on ground floor and lattice covered, overhanging balconies above.

Patan / Lalitpur

Of all the Viharas in Kathmandu Valley the or Bahas of Patan also known as Lalitpur is more renowned for the artistic workmanship in tera cotta metal and wood works. Numerically too, the town of Patan has more Bahas than other cities of Kathmandu and Bhaktapur. For centuries, Patan has remained prodominantly Buddhist.
Kwa Baha:
Kwa Baha also well known by its sanskrit name Hiranyavarna Mahavihar, is the foremost Baha (monastery) of Patan. Situated just down the street from the crossroads known as Kwalakhu Tole, this Baha is probably known as one of the most active Bahas. The complex is known as the most lavishly decorated of the Bahas primarily because the community members are wealthy traders who have constantly embellished the complex. The street entrance has two large stone lions as guardians and a stone facade with a stone tympanum depicting celestial Buddhas.
Passing Through this entrance and a small entry way leads to the main shrine complex. Nick named as 'the Golden temple' inside the complex are numerous gilded images and the facade of the imposing Kwapadyo shrine (the main deity). The temple in the centre of the courtyard is another attraction which is made of gild copper repousse work. The main shrine is a four storied structure with three gilded roofs. The entrance is flanked by two large cast iron mythical lions each standing on an elephant and surmounted by an image of Lokeswore. The doorway to the shrine is an excellent temple of metal workmanship - all finished in gilt repousse work and above it is one of the finest tympanum (torana) anywhere all made of silver. The Kawapadyo (main deity) of the Baha is a large silver image of Aksobhya facing east.
As said earlier, the other striking feature, of this complex is the shimmering temple in the center of the courtyard which enshrines a Chaitya from Licchavi era. The shrine is an excellent piece of extraordinary metal work and almost entirely covered with gold and metal. It has a single gilt copper roof above which rises a pinnacle with four snakes whose curved tail raise to hold a multi-staged umbrella over the main bell shaped final, Historically, this Baha dates back to not later than eleventh century A.D. or even earlier.
Uku Baha:
Uku Baha is one of the best preserved and oldest of all Bahas of Patan. Located a minutes walk south medieval heritage. Also known by its from the Sundhara (the golden spout), this Baha displays a unique collection of sanskrit name 'Rudravarna Mahavihara, this Vihar is said to have the largest number of branches in the valley. Passing through a gateway in the street one enters the first compound and an entryway from this is led into Uku Baha
itself.
The main shrine is of three two roof structure. Steps leading to the shrine are flanked by large stone mythical lions each standing on a crouching elephant an surmounted by an image of Lokeswore. The doorway is marked by a finely worked repousse of arch of leaf and floral motifs. The Kwapa dyo is a large metal image of Aksobhya. Opposite the shrine in the courtyard runs a row of traditional pieces. The first item is a Lichhavi Style Chaitya followed by 'Dharmadhatu Mandala' surmounted by a Vajra, a recess for the sacred fire, a metal lamp on a stand and an image of Manjushree.
Mahabuddha Baha:
The famous temple of Mahabuddha is the best known shrines of Patan. Situated in the south of Uku Baha and inside a small cramped courtyard, Mahabudha Buddha complex consists of a large terracotta 'Sikhara' style temple in the centre of the courtyard which houses the shrine of Kwapa dyo with a shrine to the mother deity to the side. Completely made of terracotta in this temple every brick has an image of Buddha. So the complex is also called the temple of 'thousand Buddhas'. Although, this unique temple is said to have been influenced by the architectural from of Bodh Gaya, a close look would reveal the originality of a Nepalese structure. Although the present structure is newly built after the great earthquake of 1934 exactly as of original one, the foundation of the structure was laid during sixteenth century A.D.
Chaku Baha:
Also known as Tanga Baha, this complex is located in the Tanga Tole on the east side of the road leading south from the Patan Durbar Square. The complex does not offer a typical Baha complex as most of the buildings and structures are of a recent origin except the free standing temple of main deity or the Kwapa dyo. The Kwapa dyo is the red image of Padampani Lokeswore. This deity is popularity known as Chakuba dyo or Minnath. The temple structure is two storeyed of which upper roof is gilded copper and the lower one is tiled roof. In addition the courtyard has several other pieces of antiquity and archaeological importance. It include a bathing platform, several votive chaityas, stone mandalas, interesting stone mythological lions, a large prayer wheel and a rest houses all dating not later than 17th century A.D.
Ta Baha:
This huge courtyard is located just opposite the Chaku Baha across the street. The complex is well known amongst the Buddhist community primarily because the Baha, in addition to a well established odd monastery (vihar) shrine, also houses the temple of 'Bungadyo' Red Machhendranath. And these two shrines are totally independent in functioning.
Along the southern wall of the complex is the house of 'Kwapadyo' the shrine of the Baha. It is a single standing - probably a part of larger complex in the earlier times. Doorway of the shrine is surmounted by a torana - itself surmounted by a triple parasol The deify 'Kwapadyo' is an image of Aksobhaya facing north.
Chovar or Cho Baha:
A Very popular Buddhist shrine Chobaha is located in the center of the Chobhar Village above the gorge across the Bagmati river. The complex is an entirely closed courtyard at the top of the hill and the shrine of Kwapadyo is a three storeyed, multiple roofed temple, Of the three roofs upper most is gilded copper the rest are tiled roofs. The most striking feature of the temple is the great array of pots, pans and household utensils nailed to almost all the open space on the surface above the ground floor. It is believed such offerings are done in the temple so as to benefit the deceased relatives in their after next birth. The Kwapadyo enshrine in the temple is an image of Adinath - Lokeswore and is the main attraction of the complex.
Ha Baha:
Also known as Hakha Baha or Hatko Baha, is one of the few Bahas of Kathmandu which has retained the original Baha architectural norms and preserved the mediavel beauty. The street entrance is a stone arch torana depicted with fine celestial Buddhas and the door is marked two stone lions. The shrine of the Kwapa dyo opposite the entrance is an imposing three storey temple. The doorway to the shrine is elaborately carved and finished in repousse metal. The image of the Kawapadyo is an image of Aksobhya facing north. In the courtyard, there is on array of several mandalas and Chaitya - some even dating back 7th century AD from Licchavi period.

Bhaktapur
Laskadyo Baha:
The complex is best known as the Bhaktapur Shrine of Matshyendranath. Situated in Itachhen Tole, this temple is a two storeyed structure - one tiled roof surmounted by two smaller roofs farming a sort of cupola. The lower of the small roof is tiled, the upper one is of gilded copper and surmounted by a golden gajur (pinnacle) make in the form of a Chaitya.
The Kwapadyo (the main deity) of the shrine is a metal image of Padampani Lokeswore. Locally also known Annapurna - Lokeswore is fully covered with a metal cloak embellished with floral ornaments. The locals worship this shrine as the local deity of Matshendranath Karunamaya or Loknath. In front of the temple are a cluster of seven Chaityas and dharamdhata mandala. The shrine is dated to belong around seventeenth century A.D.
Inacho Baha:
Situated in Inacho Tole, the Baha complex possess one of the few well preserved Baha shrines left in Bhaktapur. The doorway of the shrine is marked by two stone lions. The Kwapadyo in the shrine is Aksobhya facing west. The first storey has the customary five fold, carved window flanked by two smaller windows carved struts depicting the five Buddhas supporting the roof. In the center of the courtyard are three chaityas, the central one of which has a ring of oil lamps around it. Historians ascribe this shrine complex to the late Malla period.
Tadhi Chen Baha:
Located just off the area of the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, it is possibly the only example of Baha architectural structure left intact. It is one continuous building in a small courtyard. Opposite the main entrance is the shrine of the Kwapa dyo - Padampani Lokeswore. The entrance is flanked by two stone lions. The shrine of Dipankara is located in the north west corner of the complex. The origin of the Baha is dated to early fifteenth century A.D.
When to visit the Bahas Although a Baha is always open to outside visitors except the Kwapa dyo Shrine, it is more rewarding to visit during certain occasions when the Bahas observes annual ritual/festival or during the initiation of Buddhist community (Bare Chuyegu) i.e. Bajracharyas and Shakyas. The recommended time to visit these Bahas is 'Gunla'- a month from a Newari Calendar which normally occurs in mid July to mid-August. During the month these festivals mentioned above take place.
• Panchdaan - The alms giving of five offerings. The day differs in each of three cities of the valley.
• Bahidyo - boyegu - The display of gods and goddess of the shrine which lasts for the days.
• Mataya - a festival of light - This is a typical of Patan Buddhists which is not observed elsewhere. On this day, the Buddhists of Patan visit all the Bahas and Buddhist shrines carrying lighted candles, torches or tapers.

Sir Edmund Hillary and Me back in 1985

2008-03-12T03:32:00.000-07:00

Tourism or voyeurism?

2008-03-10T21:38:00.000-07:00

Tourism or voyeurism?

Mar 09, 2008

Michael Cronin’s job as a college admissions officer took him to India two or three times a year, so he had already seen the usual sites — temples, monuments, markets — when one day he happened across a flier advertising “slum tours.”

“It just resonated with me immediately,” said Mr. Cronin, who was staying at a posh Taj Hotel in Mumbai where, he noted, a bottle of Champagne cost the equivalent of two years’ salary for many Indians. “But I didn’t know what to expect.”

Soon, Mr. Cronin, 41, found himself skirting open sewers and ducking to avoid exposed electrical wires as he toured the sprawling Dharavi slum, home to more than a million. He joined a cricket game and saw the small-scale industry, from embroidery to tannery, that quietly thrives in the slum. “Nothing is considered garbage there,” he said. “Everything is used again.”

Mr. Cronin was briefly shaken when a man, “obviously drunk,” rifled through his pockets, but the two-and-a-half-hour tour changed his image of India. “Everybody in the slum wants to work, and everybody wants to make themselves better,” he said.

Slum tourism, or “poorism,” as some call it, is catching on. From the favelas of Rio de Janeiro to the townships of Johannesburg to the garbage dumps of Mexico, tourists are forsaking, at least for a while, beaches and museums for crowded, dirty — and in many ways surprising — slums. When a British man named Chris Way founded Reality Tours and Travel in Mumbai two years ago, he could barely muster enough customers for one tour a day. Now, he’s running two or three a day and recently expanded to rural areas.

Slum tourism isn’t for everyone. Critics charge that ogling the poorest of the poor isn’t tourism at all. It’s voyeurism. The tours are exploitative, these critics say, and have no place on an ethical traveler’s itinerary.

“Would you want people stopping outside of your front door every day, or maybe twice a day, snapping a few pictures of you and making some observations about your lifestyle?” asked David Fennell, a professor of tourism and environment at Brock University in Ontario. Slum tourism, he says, is just another example of tourism’s finding a new niche to exploit. The real purpose, he believes, is to make Westerners feel better about their station in life. “It affirms in my mind how lucky I am — or how unlucky they are,” he said.

Not so fast, proponents of slum tourism say. Ignoring poverty won’t make it go away. “Tourism is one of the few ways that you or I are ever going to understand what poverty means,” said Harold Goodwin, director of the International Center for Responsible Tourism in Leeds, England. “To just kind of turn a blind eye and pretend the poverty doesn’t exist seems to me a very denial of our humanity.”

The crucial question, Mr. Goodwin and other experts say, is not whether slum tours should exist but how they are conducted. Do they limit the excursions to small groups, interacting respectfully with residents? Or do they travel in buses, snapping photos from the windows as if on safari?

Many tour organizers are sensitive to charges of exploitation. Some encourage — and in at least one case require — participants to play an active role in helping residents. A church group in Mazatlán, Mexico, runs tours of the local garbage dump, where scavengers earn a living picking through trash, some of it from nearby luxury resorts. The group doesn’t charge anything but asks participants to help make sandwiches and fill bottles with filtered water. The tours have proven so popular that during high season the church group has to turn people away. “We see ourselves as a bridge to connect the tourists to the real world,” said Fred Collom, the minister who runs the tours.

By most accounts, slum tourism began in Brazil 16 years ago, when a young man named Marcelo Armstrong took a few tourists into Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro’s largest favela, or shantytown. His company, Favela Tour, grew and spawned half a dozen imitators. Today, on any given day in Rio, dozens of tourists hop in minivans, then motorcycles and venture into places even Brazil’s police dare not tread. Organizers insist the tours are safe, though they routinely check security conditions. Luiz Fantozzi, founder of the Rio-based Be a Local Tours, says that about once a year he cancels a tour for security reasons.

The tours may be safe, but they can be tense. Rajika Bhasin, a lawyer from New York, recalls how, at one point during a favela tour, the guide told everyone to stop taking pictures. A young man approached the group, smiling and holding a cocked gun. Ms. Bhasin said she didn’t exactly feel threatened, “just very aware of my surroundings, and aware of the fact that I was on this guy’s turf.”

Still, she said, the experience, which included visiting galleries featuring the work of local artists, was positive. “Honestly, I would say it was a life-changing experience,” Ms. Bhasin said. Saying she understood the objections, she parried, “It has everything to do with who you are and why you’re going.”

Chuck Geyer, of Reston, Va., arrived for a tour in Mumbai armed with hand sanitizer and the expectation of human misery incarnate. He left with a changed mind. Instead of being solicited by beggars, Mr. Geyer found himself the recipient of gifts: fruit, and dye to smear on his hands and face, as people celebrated the Hindu festival of Holi. “I was shocked at how friendly and gracious these people were,” Mr. Geyer said.

Proponents of slum tourism say that’s the point: to change the reputation of the slums one tourist at a time. Tour organizers say they provide employment for local guides and a chance to sell souvenirs. Chris Way has vowed to put 80 percent of his profits back into the Dharavi slum.

The catch, though, is that Mr. Way’s company has yet to earn a profit on the tours, for which he charges 300 rupees (around $7.50). After receiving flak from the Indian press (“a fair criticism,” Mr. Way concedes), he used his own money to open a community center in the slum. It offers English classes, and Mr. Way himself mentors a chess club. Many of those running favela tours in Brazil also channel a portion of their profits into the slums. Luiz Fantozzi contributes to a school and day-care center.

But slum tourism isn’t just about charity, its proponents say; it also fosters an entrepreneurial spirit. “At first, the tourists were besieged by beggars, but not anymore,” said Kevin Outterson, a law professor from Boston who has taken several favela tours. Mr. Fantozzi has taught people, Mr. Outterson said, “that you’re not going to get anything from my people by begging, but if you make something, people are going to buy it.”

Even critics of slum tourism concede it allows a few dollars to trickle into the shantytowns, but say that’s no substitute for development programs.

Mr. Fennell, the professor of tourism in Ontario, wonders whether the relatively minuscule tourist revenue can make a difference. “If you’re so concerned about helping these people, then write a check,” he said.

nytimes.com

Lumbini-Birthplace of Lord Buddha

2008-03-04T02:26:00.000-08:00

Short Eassys by Nagendra Sharma

2008-02-28T04:10:00.002-08:00

5f;ld; df;ld;

-n3' lgaGw ;+u|x_

k'ikf k|sfzg, l;lnu'8L, @))%

______________________________________________________

;dk{0f / s[t1tf 1fkg

o; ;Fufnf]df ;dfj]z ul/Psf n3' lgaGwx? sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt x'g]u/]sf hg;Qf ;fKtflxs, tyf :k]z6fOd, sflGtk'/, gof+ ;8s b}lgs ;dfrf/kqx?df, ;fy} l;nu8Laf6 k|sflzt x'g] ;'gr/L ;dfrf/ b}lgsdf s|lds?kdf 5flkPsf n]vx?af6 a6'naf6'n ul/Psf x'gfn] ltgsf ;Dkfbs / k|sfzsx? wGojfbsf kfq 5g\ . o;sf] k|sfzs ;+:yf, k'ikf k|sfzgsf >L ;'vb]j /fOKl|t d hlt cg'u[lxt 5', Tof]eGbf klg w]/} cg'u[lxt 5' efO d'lSt pkfWofo a/fnk|lt h;n] /fOhL;+u d]/f] ;Dks{ t u/fOlbg'eof] g}, ;fy} cfkm\g} lgu/fgLdf Pp6L wfO cfdfsf] e"ldsf;d]t lgjf{x u/]/ o;nfO{ e"ldi7 u/fOlbg'eof], tyf lg:jfy{?kdf o;sf] k|sfzg / ljt/0fsf] cleef/f klg jxg ul/lbg'eof] .

;a}eGbf a9L s[t1tf t oL lgaGwx?sf] ;Dkfbg ul/lbg] dfq xf]Og, vfl/Psf] / ljb\jQf ;fy} cfhLjg k|fKt k|fl1s k|v/tf / ;flxlTos cg'ej emlNsg] cf]hk"0f{ ;Ddlt -pxf+sf] hLjgs} clGtd_ n]lvlbg'x'g] >L /fdnfn clwsf/Lk|lt k|s6ug'{k5{ . ;fy} of] k':ts k|sflzt x'g] s|d rln/x]s} a]nf pxfFsf] c;fdlos / cToGt kL8fbfoL lgwg ePsf]n] pxf+s }k'0o:d[ltdf o;nfO{ ;>4f ;dk{0f klg ug{rfxG5'===

gu]Gb|

kl/R5]b !

k|frLg wd{u|Gyx?

!= cyj{j]b

k|frLgsfnsf j}lbs ;+:s[t, zf:qLo jf ]Snfl;sn ] k':tsx?dWo] s]xLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ sfd cfh klg dnfO{ cfjZos / ;fGble{s lsg nfU5g\ eg], ltgsf af/]df s]xL u'? / lj1x?dfem k|z:t dtdtfGt/ / e|dx? cem} JofKt / Jofks 5g\ . o:tf e|dfTds wf/0ff kfn]/ a:g]x?aLr dt}Sotf x]g{ 6f8f klg hfg'kb}{g, j]bx?s} ;+Vofaf/]df ltgsf ljrf/x? dfq} x]/] klg oy]i6 x'G5 . lsgeg] j]bx? rf/j6f 5g\ eGg] cfhsf] Jofks ljZjf;sf] ;d]t 7f]; cfwf/ 5}g .

d]/f] o; k':tsdf ;dflji6 ljifoj:t'sf zLif{sx?nfO{ :j/j0f{ / JoGhgj0f{df cfwfl/t >[+vnfdf

-cyf{t\ …cNkmfa]l6sn c8{/Údf_ /fVg] d]/f] rfxgfn] ubf{ g} k/Dk/fadf]lhd uGtL ubf{ rf}yf] jf clGtd s|ddf kg]{ cyj{j]b nfO{ g} d}n] klxnf] :yfg lbPsf] x'+ . gq t Pshgf, ;DejtM du jf O/fgL jf

kmf/;L d"nsf …cyj{fgÚ gfds /rlotfn] n]v]sf dflgg] cyj{j]bnfO{ rf/ j]bdf ;dflji6 u/]sf] klg w]/}kl5 dfq xf] eGg]x?sf] sdL gePsf]n] d]/f] j0f{gs|ddf klg o;n] lgs} kl5 dfq 7fp+ kfp+Yof] . pxfx/0f:j?k, dg'Clifsf] ;do;Dd klg tLgj6f dfq j]b ePsf] pNn]v 5, h;nfO{ ltgn] …qoLÚ gfds/0f u/]sf lyP . oL qoL jf tLgj6f j]bx?df cyj{sf] gfdf]lgzfg 5}g . s]jn CUj]b, ;fdj]b / oh'j]{b sf]] dfq pNNf]v 5 .

;fob oxL tYosf] cfwf/df k|l;4 cGj]ifs, DofS; Do'n/n] klg z'?df tLgj6f dfq j]b lyP eg]sf xf]nfg\ h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .

csf]{ s'/f, ]a|fx\d0f ] u|Gyx?df / 5fGbf]Uo pklgifb\df ;d]t cyj{j]bsf] pNN]v kfO+b}g . P]ltxfl;s ;dos|dsf] b[li6n] w]/} kl5 kg]{ e[u' / c+lu/; h:tf Clifx?nfO{ klg o; j]bsf /rgfsf/sf] >]o hfG5 klg elgPsf] 5, h'g ts{;+ut 5}g . bIf k|hfkltsL Pp6L 5f]/L Voflt e[u'sL kTgL / csL{ 5f]/L :jwf c+lu/;sL kTgL ePsfn] klg logLx?sf] gfd kl5 ylkPsf] xf]nf eGG]f c8sn ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .

o:tf ;+s]tx?af6 pSt tLgy/Lsf j]bx?sf] ;do;Dd cyj{j]bsf] /rgf ;DejtM ePs} lyPg elgxfNg g;s] klg ;of}+ jif{;Dd cfo{x?n] cyj{j]bnfO{ k|frLg wd{u|Gyx?dWo]sf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf lyPgg\ xf]nf eGg] c8sn d sf6\t5' . eL= 8ANo'= s/Da]Ns/n] pgsf] bL cyj]{lbs l;lenfOh];g\ -gfuk'/, ;g\ !(@(, k[= @!(_ gfds u|Gydf …blIf0f ef/tsf k|efjzfnL ;+:s[tljb\x?n] cfh;Dd klg cyj{j]bnfO{ dfGotf lbgrfx+b}gg\Ú eg]sf / 8L=cf/= e08f/s/n] ;d cf:k]S6\;\ ckm PlG;PG6 OlG8og sNr/ -db|f;, ;g\ !($)_ df cyj{j]bnfO{ cfo{x?n] cl3cl3 ]c;'/x?sf] u|Gy 7fg]/ lt/:s[t uy]{Ú] eGg] n]v]af6 klg xfd|f] z+sf lgjf/0f ePsf] x'g'kg]{ eGG]f dnfO{ nfU5 . oLafx]s lji0f' k'/f0f / eljio k'/f0f n] klg o;nfO{ cfo{x?sf] xf]Og, dux?sf] rf/ j]bdWo] Ps xf] eGg] cfzo g} k|s6 u/]sf kfOG5g\ . cyj{j]bsf /rgfsf/ elgPsf cyj{g du jf kf/;L ePsf / To; u|Gydf kfOg] cf}iflw pkrf/, wfdL emf+s|L, tGqdGq, cflb ljBfsf /rgfsf/ dflgPsf c+lu/; Clif klg cfo{x? eGbfcl3sf -cyf{t\ b|lj8 jf cGo ;Dk|bfosf_ lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] lj1x? klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ .

olt dfq xf]Og . cyj{j]b leq kfOg] ufoqL dGq klg c? tLgj6f j]bdf kfOg]eGbf a}Un} 5 . ;fy} To;df j]blj/f]wL / cj}lbs ljrf/, ljZjf; / k/Dk/fx? ;d]t ;dflxt ePsf kfOG5g\ . afn u+ufw/ ltns h:tf j]b k|rf/ssf] egfO t slt;Dd 5 eg], cyj{j]bdf o:tf s}of}+ zAb / efiff o:tf kfOG5g\, hf] j}lbs ;+:s[t;+u k6Ss} gldNg] ljb]zL -;fob rlN8og_ d"nsf h:tf nfU5g\ . To;}n] ubf{ klg To; u|Gysf /rgfsf/ cfo{ geO{ du hflts} lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] c8snnfO{ yk an k'Ub5 . s}of}+ af}4 tyf h}g u|Gyx?n] To;nfO{c1fg jb] eg]/ lxofPsf klg kfOG5g\ .

olt e"ldsf af+lw;s]kl5 cyj{j]bdf ;fdfGotof s]s:tf ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf kfOG5g\ eGg]tkm{ ;;lt{ gh/ lbg' klg ;fGble{s} xf]nf . dfly pNN]fv u/]em,}+ ;f] u|Gysf w]/} 7fpFdf lxdfnL e]seGbf w]/} 6f8fsf blIf0f ef/tLo e]sx?df k|rlnt hgljZjf; -cG3ljZjf;_ x?, dGqtGq, 6'gfd'gf, emf/km's, cflb cf}iflw pkrf/sf ljlwx?, plNnlvt 5g\ . To;} sf/0fn] xf]nf, o:tf ljlwljwfg b'O efudf af+l8Psf 5g\ . Pp6f efu ]e]ifhfgL ] cyjf ljleGg /f]uJoflw, ltgsf /f]syfd / pkrf/sf ljlwljwfg, clbdf s]lGb|t 5 . csf]{ efu r}+ ]clerf/ ] cyf{t\ wfdLaf]S;L, dGqdf]xgL, hfb'6'gf, cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ zq'x?nfO{ k/f:t ug]{, bafpg] h:tf ljifox? ;dflji6 5g\ . pbfx/0f:j?k, Pp6L kTgLn] cfkm'dfly cfOnfUg] ;f}tfsf] ;j{gfz s;/L ug]{, nf]Ug]s} k'+ifTj gi6 s;/L ug]{, h:tf pkfox? Klg o; c+zdf kfOG5g\ .

cGtdf of] klg ylkxfnf}+, w]/} kl5 uP/ dfq kl08t afh]x?n] pSt u|GynfO{ a|x\dj]b sf] gfd lbP/ c? j]bx?sf xf/fxfl/df pEofpg] r]i6f u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] ;f] u|Gy w]/} cy{df pgLx?sf] :jy{k"lt{df ;xfos x'g] lsl;ds} 5 . To;sf w]/} Znf]sx? o:tf 5g\, h;df afx'gafh]x?sf] k|zl:t ufOPsf] 5, pgLx?k|lt ;dfhn] ug'{kg]{] cfb/;Tsf/ / cfrf/ Jojxf/ bzf{OPsf] 5 / ;a} afx''gx?nfO{ ljlzi6 / cfb/0fLo JolStdf u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 . clg lsg afh]x? To;nfO{ klg j]b s} gfdfs/0f ug{af6 kl5 ky]{ t <

k|:6 5, cyj{j]b nfO{ j]bx?;/x g} dfGotf lbg] k/Dk/f kl5kl5 cfPsf kl08thLx?sf] ykyfk] k|j[lQsf] pkh l;jfo c? s]xL klg xf]Og eGgdf ws dfGg'kb}{g .

cf/0os

…cÚ kl5 ca cf cyf{t\ cf/0os . Ps y/L j}lbs u|Gyx?sf] gfd cf/0os s;/L /xguof], To; af/] b'Oy/L dt kfPsf] 5' d}n] . Pp6f dtn] eG5, o1x?df cfuf] afNg k|of]u ul/g] bfp/fsf7nfO{ cf/0fL klg elgg] u/]sfn] o1ofu;+u ;DalGwt ljlwljwfgx?sf] j0f{gnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] u|Gyx?nfO{ cf/0os elgPsf] xf] /] . t/ Tof]eGbf a9L dfGotf kfPsf] csf]{ dt 5, h;adf]lhd c/0o jf jgh+undf /rgf ul/Psf jf ]jfgk|:y cf>d ]sf] a]nf jgh+undf hLjg latfp+bf k9\gsf] lglDt /lrt u|Gyx?nfO{ cf/0os elgPsf] xf] /] .

log} u|Gy;d'xdf kg]{ csf{y/L a|fx\d0f gfds k':tsx?nfO{ klg cf/0os s} c+u dfGg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] klg Psflt/ kfOG5 eg], csf{lt/ s]xL cf/0os sf] / pklgifb\ sf] gfd ldNghfg] ePsfn] tL b'Oy/L aLr ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] tYolt/ cf}+Nofpg] lj1x? klg 5g\ . klxnf] y/L a|fx\d0f u|Gyx?, h:t} P]t/]o a|fx\d0f, ;+u gfd ldNg cfpg] P]t/]o cf/0os Psflt/ 5g\ eg] ptf sf}lz6sL cf/0os sf] clGtd cWofosf] gfd sf}lz6sL pklgifb\ /x]sf] klg kfOG5 . o:tf pbfx/0f c? klg 5g\ .

CUj]b eGbfkl5sf j}lbs bz{g df]6fdf]6L b'O wf/fdf ax]sf] h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ . Pp6f wf/f a|fx\d0f u|Gyx?nfO{ ;dft]/ / csf]{ wf/f pklgifb\ x?nfO{ ;dft]/ cl3 a9] h:tf] 7fGb5' . pklgifb\ / j]bfGt ;flxTox? cfkm}+df Ps j[xt\ / lj:t[t cWoogsf If]q ePsfn] of] n3'lgaGwdf ltgsf] j0f{g ug{vf]Hff}+ eg] ;d'b|nfO{ ufu|f]df c+6fpg] w[i6tf u/]h:tf] dfq xf]nf . To;sf/0f oxf+ s]jn cf/0os sf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf lnOg] s]xL a|fx\d0f u|Gydf dfq cfkm}+nfO{ ;Lldt /fVg d]/f] jfWotf g} ePsf] 5 .

s/La 5 ;o O{ZjL k"j{lt/ dfq /rgf ePsf 7flgg] oL u|Gyx?nfO{ dGq gfds csf]{ juL{s/0fdf kg]{ ljifox?eGbf w]/}kl5sf] :yfgdf /flvPsf] 5 / Tof] :jfefljs klg xf] h:tf] nfU5 . ;fy} oL u|Gyx?nfO{ ;;{tL{ g} x]bf{ klg dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] logLx? W]f/}h;f] afx'gx?n], afx'gx?s} -kmfObfsf] lglDt_ lglDt ;[hgf u/]sf /rgfx? xf]nfg\ . -stfstf d}n] ca|fxd lnGsgsf] k|hftGqsf] JofVofnfO{ rf]/L t ul/g+ < ===z+sf klg nfU5 cfkm}+nfO{ ._ t/ d cfkm}+ klg afx'gsf] 5f]/f] ePsf]n] xf]nf, jf:tljstf Tof]eGbf km/s eP h:tf] nfUb}g .

To;}n] xf] ls, 8f= cf/= ;L= dh'dbf/n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] bL j]lbs Ph -nG8g, ;g\ !(%!_ df k|fWofks aL=s]+ 3f]ifn] n]v]sf lgaGwdf …s]jn wfld{s sd{sf08x?df s]lGb|t /x]/ / k'gh{Gd, k'0osdfO, h:tf sfNklgstfn] el/Psf oL u|Gyx? J}lbs ;flxTodf ;a}eGbf lgDgsf]l6sf / :jfy{efjdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf /rgfÚ eg]sfn] -k[= @@%_ / d}n] dfly afx'gx?n], afx'gx?sf] lglDt, cflb eg]/ c3]{NofO+ t u/]sf] /x]g5' eg]/ 9'Ss klg nfU5 .

DofS;\ Do"n/ t cem yK5g\, ]s'g} 8fS6/ jf slj/fhn] af}nfxfx?sf] rLTsf/ / rlt{snfnfO{ h;/L x]5{g\, To;} ?kdf dfq oL s[ltx?nfO{ x]g{;lsG5 . ] csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], oL u|Gyx?n] k|fy{gf, o1, sd{sf08, cflbsf] dxTj t bzf{p+5g\ g}, ;fy} hfteft / 5'jf5't h:tf g/fd|f k/Dk/fnfO{ ;d]t wd{sf] hnk nfP/ k]z u/]sf 5g\ .

Affx'gx? / ltgLx?af6 ;~rflnt sd{sf08L k|yf cToGt zlStzfnL ePsf, ltgn] k|s[lt dfq geO{ b]jLb]ptfx? ;d]tnfO{ lgoGq0f / jzdf /fVg;Sg] h:tf p8Gt] s'/fsf]] lj:t[t JofVof u/]/ kl08tk'/f]lxtx?sf] cx|gv6gdf ;dfhnfO{ 8f]/\ofpg] k|r]i6f ul/Psf] logdf k|:6 ?kdf emlNsG5 .

Zftky a|fx\d0f gfds u|Gy :jod\ eG5, ]jf:tjdf b]ptfx? b'O k|sf/sf 5g\ . Pp6f pgLx? cfkm}+ / csf{ j]b k9\g] / k9fpg] k08t/ k'/]tx?===. Ú

olt eg]kl5 d}n] s]xL ylk/xg] h?/t 5 t <

pklgifb\

x'gt pklgifb\x?af/] d]/f] cWoog clt guGo g} 5, tfklg dnfO{ nfUb5, rfx] 1fglj1fgsf] b[li6n] x]/f}+, rfx] bz{gsf], ;a}eGbf k|d'v / pTs[i6 k|frLg ;+:s[t wd{u|Gyx? pklgifb\ g} x'g\ . t/ ;a} pklgifb\nfO{ k|frLg eg]/ 7f]s'jf ul/xfNbf klg d}n] c3]{NofO+ u/]+ ls eGGf] gnfu]sf] xf]Og . lsgeg] Psflt/ cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] j[xbf/0os pklgifb\ / 5fGbf]Uo pklgifb\ nfO{ O{ZjLk"j{sf] ;ftf}+ ztfAbLd} /rgf ul/Psf lyP eGg] ls6fg ul/;s]sfn] ltgnfO{ …k|frLgÚ gegL w/ klg 5}g eg] csf]{lt/, dWo o'udf dfq xf]Og, cfw'lgs sfndf cfOk'Ubf klg s]xL tyfslytpklgifb \x?sf] /rgfs|d hf/L g} /x]sf] 5 eGG]f lj1x?sf] klg sdL 5}g .

ljVoft\ klZrdL bfz{lgs zf]k]gxfj/ t s]xL pklgifb\x?af6 olt k|efljt ePsf lyP5g\ ls pgn] n]v]/} uPsf 5g\, …pklgifb\ d]/f] hLjgsf] 7"nf] ;fGTjgf x'gk'u]sf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og . of] d]/f] d/0fsf] klg ;FTjgf eP/ /xg]5 .Ú

pklgifb\ sf] zflAbs cy{ xf,] …guLrsf] a;fOÚ . k|frLg Clif / u'?x?sf] guLr a;]/ lziox?n] h'g 1fg1'g k|fKt ug]{uy]{, ltg} 1fgsf ;f/;+u|xnfO{ w]/}pklgifb\ df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . t/ To;f] eg] tfklg, hDd} pklgifb\ df ToxLs'/f] nfu' x'G5 eGg r}+ ufx|f] 5 . lsgeg], dfly eg] em}+, ;a} pklgifb\ j}lbssfnd} /lrPsf geO{ kl5kl5, jf cfw'lgs sfnv08df ;d]t, ylk+b} uPsf kfOg' cgf}7f] s'/f] xf]Og . To;} sf/0fn] klg xf]nf, af}4 / h}gwd{ nf]sl|k|o x'+b}uPsf sfnv08df /lrPsf sltko pklgifb\ x?df cg]s k/:k/lj/f]wL wf/0ffx? ;d]t kfOG5g\ .

t} egf}+, oL t eP kl5kl5sf pklgifb\ sf s'/f . ;dosf] kl/jQ{g;+u} ljrf/ / wf/0ffx?df klg kl/jQ{g x'+b}hfg' :jfefljs} 5 . t/ csf]{ /dfOnf] kIf t s] 5 eg], lxhf]cfh j]bfGt -j]bsf] ;f/_ sf] ?kdf xfdLn] pklgifb\ nfO{ u0fgf ug{v]fh] tfklg k|fylds sfndf lognfO{ j}lbs ;flxTosf] c+usf] ?kdf dfGotf;d]t k|bfg ul/Ps} lyPg . lsg /] eGbf, ltgsf] pb\ej j]bx?eGbf ]aflx/ ] ePsf] lyof] /] . vf;u/L ltgdf kfOg] ljZjb]jtfjfb -Pantheism_, cfTdf / k/dfTdf, Oxnf]s / k/nf]s, k'gh{Gd, d'lStk|flKtsf wf/0ffx? -Eschatology_, cflb ljifox? K|frLg …cl:6|s ] af6 j]bljBfdf ylkgcfPsf lyP klg elgPsf] 5 .

of]eGbf cl3sf] Ps n3'lgaGwdf d}n] ;+s]t u/] em}+ s]xL pklgifb\ nfO{ a|fx\d0f / cf/0os u|Gyx?sf] c+zsf] ?kdf lnOPs]f kfOG5, lsgeg] ltgsf] /rgf klg O{=k"=$)) b]lv @)) sf aLrdf ePsf] c8sn ul/G5 .

d}n] of] lstfasf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fsf] lglDt t}of/ u/]sf] kf08'lnlkdf eg]sf] lyP+, ]d'Vo pklgifb\x?sf] ;+Vof hDdf !%) hlt 5g\ eGGf] 5, tfklg k/Dk/fg';f/ !)* dfq …:jLs[t ] dflgG5g\ . t/ d]/f] o:tf] 6]n/df:6/sf] h:tf] 6fn6'n] egfOs} andf o; lstfasf lj1 e'ldsfn]vs, >L /fdnfn cl3sf/L, h:tf vlKk; ljb\jfgsf cf+vfdf 5f/f] xfNg d s] ;Sy]+ <> ]xfdLn] ghfg]sf s'/fx? ] eGg] 3'dfp/f] / Jo+ufTds zLif{s lbP/ n]Vg'ePsf] e"ldsfd} d]/f] uNtL jf sdhf]/L 7\ofSs} ksl8xfNg' ePsf] 5, o;/L M

…pklgifb\jfSo dxfsf]zdf hDDff @@# j6f pklgifb\sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . ===db|f; nfOa|]/Laf6 k|sflzt ;"lrkqdf !&( pklgifb\sf] gfd k/]sf] 5 .Ú pxf+sf] of] egfON]f d]/f cf+vf dfq vf]lnlbPg, …cNklzIff eo+s/LÚ eGG]f pvfg klg ddfly nfu' ePsf] k|dfl0ft ul/lbof] .

]cfsf/sf] b[li6n] x]bf{ Psflt/ j[xbf/0os pklgifb\ %) k[i7sf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 eg], Ozf]klgifb\ s]jn Ps k[i7sf] eGbf nfdf] 5}gÚ eGg] d]/f] n]vfO klg /fdndnhLsf] k|f]km];/L gh/df v8s]5 Sof/ / To;nfO{ ;Rofp+b} pxf+ eGGf'x'G5, …O{zf]klgifb\df hDdf c7f/ kb, Znf]s jf dGqx? 5g\ Ú . t/ ckm;f];, lgoltn] …d]/f] uNtL ;'NemfOlbg'ePsf]df WfGojfb, /fdnfnhLÚ eGGfkfpg] cj;/af6 klg jl~rt ub}{ pxf+nfO{ xfdLaLraf6 crfgs vf];]/ nUof] ===. ca Tof] cj;/ d}n] slxNo} kfpg] 5'Og+ . of]eGbf k5'tf] nfUg] s'/f s] xf]nf <

***

t/ h] xf];\ , pklgifb\ x?sf] ;+Vof / cfsf/nfO{ lnP/ uNkmlt ul/xg'eGbf cfh xfd|f] lglDt ltgsf] ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ kIF s ]x'g;S5 eGG]flt/ Ps gh/ bf}8fpm+ xf]nf . lxGb' bz{gsf] x/]s ljrf/;d"x

-School of thought_ sf] ;|f]t jf d'xfg pklgifb\ x?nfO{ dfGg;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] lglDt, ;f+Vo bz{gdf kfOg] …k|s[lt / lqu'0fÚsf l;4fGtx? pklgifb\ af6} lg;[t ePsf 5g\ . o;} u/L cfh nf]slk|o eO/x]sf] of]ubz{gsf] d'xfg vf]Hb} uP xfdL Zj]tfZj/ pklgifb\ df 7f]lsgk'U5f}+ . To:t} dLd+f;f …:s"nÚ sf] ljsf; s7f]klgifb\ af6 yfngL ePsf] eGg]df dt aflemPsf] e]l6+b}g .

o;}sf/0f g} xf], klZrdf ljb\jTju{, kfn 8\j]:;]g, P= ufj -Gough_, cf/=O{= x\o'd, P=aL=sLy, cf/= hL= ldNag{ / DofS;\ Do"n/b]lv lnP/ k"j{sf 8f= ;j{kNNfL /fwfs[i0fg, cf/= 8L= /fgf8], Pg= s]= P]o/ h:tf cg]s lj1x?n] klg pklgifb\ nfO{ k|frLgsfnsf ;+:s[t u|Gyx?dWo] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ u|Gysf] ?kdf ltgnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf .

To:t} b'O j[xt\ 7]nLx?df lheflht cfkm\gf ]k':ts, lb lxGb' jN8{ -xfk{/ PG8 sf]lnG;, hh{ Pn]g cg\ljg, ;g\ !(^*_ df a]Ghfldg jfs/ pklgifb\ af/] eG5g\ , ]It is extremely subtle, sublime and profound … Although containing traces of the old mythology snd sacerdotalism, the Upanishads transcend them and soar to the highest realms of metaphysical speculation ] -ef]No"d\ @, k[=%#!_ .

cGtdf, dfly p4[t oL k+lStx?nfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L kf7sx?nfO{ kl:sg g;s]sf]df d]/f] cfkm\g} ;Lldt 1fg / of]Uotfsf] s;L :jLsfb}{ kf7sx?;fd' Ifdf rfxG5' .

cGtdf, dnfO{ nfU5, ]a|fx\d0f ] u|Gyx?sf] cfwf/df cfh klg o1ofu, kl08tjfb, k'/]tjfb / sd{sf08nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] h'g ;+:sf/ / k|j[lQ b]lvG5, To;}sf] lj/f]wdf pklgifb\ x? l;lh{t ePsf xf]nfg\ / of] b[li6n] x]bf{ lognfO{ k|ultzLn klg dfGg dnfO{ ws nfUb}g .

CUj]b

of]eGbf cl3sf] Ps n3'lgaGwdf cyj{j]b nfO{ …qoL ] -jf k|frLg # j]bx?_ df u0fgf ul/+b}gYof] eGg] k|;Fu p7fPsf] 5' . c? @ j6f, ;fdj]b / oh'j]{b nfO{{ klg CUj]b s} ljleGGf :j?k dfq 7flgg] ePsfn] jf:tljs j]b r}+ s]jn ToxL Pp6f, CUj]b, dfq ePsf] wf/0ff w]/} cl3b]lv k|rlnt lyof] / cem klg 5 .

t/ CUj]b s} /rgf klg slxn] ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/x?dfem Ps dt xDd]l; kfO+b}g . DofS;\ Do"n/sf] egfOdf O=k"= !@)), sLYfsf] egfOdf O=k"=!$)) / kflh{6/sf] c8sndf O=k"=!%)) ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ j]a/sf] wf/0ffdf of] j]b Tolt k|frLg geO{ s]jn O=k"= @)) lt/ dfq /lrt xf] eGg] 5 . ptf afn u+ufw/ ltns h:tf s6\\6/ lxGb'nfO{ nfu]sf] 5, …oL klZrdnLx?n] -x]k]/<_ o="k">lgoldt cfsl:dstf, k[= #&===*#_ eg] cljgfz rGb| -CUj]lbs OlG8of_ / ;Dk"0f{fgGb -cfof]{++ s] b]z, k[= @#^_ sf] b[li6df of] j]b @% xhf/ jif{eGbf otfsf] x'+b} xf]Og /] . w]/}h;f] lxGb'x?sf] b[li6df t j]bx? …ckf}?if]oÚ g} x'g\ cyf{t\ s'g} dfG5]n] ltgsf] /rgf u/]s} xf]Ogg\ / a|x\dfhL :jod\n] s]xL ljlzi6 Clifx?sf] sfgdf ;'gfOlbPsf dfq ePsfn] lognfO{ >'lt klg elgPsf] xf] . tL ;a}nfO{ pl5Gb} j]bsfn lg0f{o gfds u|Gyn] lognfO{ # nfv jif{ k|frLg dfg]sf] 5 eg] :jfdL k|kGgfrfo{ t ;a}NfO{ dft ub}{ eG5g\, …j]b s/f]8f}+ jif{ k|frLg xf] ] -j]bdf s] 5 < k[=#_ . o:tf] cGof]nsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ j]bx? slt k'/fgf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/fdf clxn];Dd xfdL cGwfx?n] xflQ 5fd]sf] h:t} l:yltdf 5f}+ eGbf c3]{NofO+ gxf]nf .

h] xf];\, w]/} k|frLg nf]sufyfx?, dGq / Znf]sx?nfO{ ;dflxt / ykyfk ub}{ /rgf ul/Psf h:tf] b]lvPsfn] cfh k|fKt j]bsf] clGtd ?k r}+ O{= k"=#)) lt/ dfq t}of/ ePsf] ;Defjgf :jLsfg]{df eg] w]/}hgf lj1x?sf] dt}So ePsf] kfOG5 .

CUj]b bz d08n -k':ts <_>ci6s gfds cf7 v08df ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ . tL d08nx?nfO{ cem c? ;;fgf c+z -cWofo_, cg'jfs, ;"St, ju{, Cr

-Crf_, kb, cflbn] ;Dk"0f{tf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . oL bz d08nx?df kfOg] ljifox?dWo] clUg, OGb|, Bfp; -lhp;_, clblt, j?0f, piff, k[YjL, d?t, ?b|, od / ;f]d, cflb ]b]jtf ]x?sf] :t'lt, ehg, / sLlt{ufg g} w]/} 5g\ . t/ o:tf ehg / Znf]sx? cfWoflTds r]tgfj[l4sf] b[li6n] eGbf a9L ljho, zlSt, ;DklQ, vfglkg, dlb/f, dlxnf, h:tf …:jfyL{, 3[l0ft / lgGbgLoÚ -6L=cf/= e08f/s/sf zAb_ efjgfn] g} cf]tk|f]]t blvG5g\ . t/ sxL+sxL+, clt yf]/} 7fpFdf dfq, s]xL ]bfz{lgs ] efjgf klg e]l6G5g\ . h:t}, k|yd h;sf] hGd eof], p;nfO{ s;n] b]v]sf] lyof] <> ]lg/fsf/ ] s] xf] < /St / k|f0fsf] ;~rf/ k[YjLaf6 xf]nf, t/ cfTdfsf] pTklQ sxf+af6 x’G5 < cflb, OToflb k|zgx? sxL+sxL+ p7fOPsf kfOG5g\ .

t/ oxf+ CUj]bsf c? gf}j6f d08nx?df kfOg] ljifox?sf] JofVof u/]/ o; lgaGwnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf nDAofpglt/ gnfuL To;sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ c+z dflgPsf] k'?if ;"St df dfq s]lGb|t x'g plrt xf]nf eG7fg]+ . lsgeg], xfd|f kl08tk'/]tx?n] To;} ;"StnfO{ dfq} j]bsf] ]lgrf]8 ] dfg] em}+ u/]/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf JofKt /x]sf] hfteft h:tf] 3[l0ft k|yfnfO{ ;d]t CUj]b af6} lg;[t / ;dly{t ePsf] :jLsfg{ ls~rt glxlRsPsf b]lvG5g\ . t/ Tof] k'?if ;"St CUj]bs} ;dosf] /rgf geP/ w]/}kl5sf :JffyL{ tTjx?n] CUj]b\ df l5/fPsf x'g;Sg]lt/ w]/} lj1x?n] z+sf u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf] Pp6f cfwf/ CUj]b sf Tof] c+zsf efiff / z}nL c? d08nx?sf eGbf a]Un} x'g' klg xf] eG5g\ tL lj1x? . t/ Totflt/ xfd|f ]wd{/Ifs ] dlgg] kl08thLx?sf] Wofg lsg hfGYof] <> ]t}+ r'k d} r'kÚsf] gLlt ckgfPsf x'g'k5{ eGgdf dnfO{ slQ klg ;+sf]r nfUb}g .

eujb\uLtf

dxfef/t sf] eLidkj{ cGtUf{t @% b]lv $@ ;Ddsf kl/R5]bx?df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] eujb\uLtf sf /rgfsf/ sf] lyP EfGG]fs'/fsf]] 6'+uf] cfh;Dd nfUg;s]sf] 5}g . t/ w]/}h;f] lj1x?sf] wf/0ff 5, Tof] u|Gysf] k|yd vfsf klxnf] / bf];|f] ztfAbL O{= ;g\lt/ yflnP/ t];|f] ztAbLlt/ dfq To;n] k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g;S5 . eujb\uLtf sf gfos eg] klg …vngfosÚ eg] klg s[i0f g} x'g\ / dxfef/t o'4sf c? kfqn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{{ t uf}0f dfGbf km/s kb}{g . t/ ltg} s[i0fsf] af/]df k|z:t pvfgavfg hf]8]/ k|zl:t ufOPsf] csf]{ ltgtfss} /rgf efujt\ k'/f0f df r}+ uLtf af/] s]xL pNN]fv gkfOPsf] / Ps}rf]l6 uP/ gjf}+ ztfAbL O{=;g\sf z+s/ gfds efiosf/n] dfq To;sf] JofVof;lxtsf] /rgf ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 s] cfz+sf alnof] x'guPsf] 5 eg], eujb\uLtf sf] ;+/rgf g} st} ltg}sf] pj{/ sndsf] pkh t lyPg <>

cl3cl3sf /fdfg'h, dWj, jNNfe / lgDas{ h:tf JofVofsf/x?nfO{ Psl5gsf] nflu la;]{/ ut Psfw ztfAbL otfsf l6Kk0fLsf/x?sf] dfq gfd dfq lng] xf] eg], >L c/ljGbf]sf] P;]h cg\ bL uLtf -db|f;, ;g\ !(@@_, PgL a];]G6sf] bL eujb uLtf -nG8g, ;g\ !(!@_ / 8f= P;= /fwfs[i0fgsf] eujb\ uLtf -nG8g, ;g\ !($*_ t k|Voft} 5g\ . ;fy} afn u+ufw/ ltns, dxfTdf ufGwL, rs|jQL{ /fhf uf]kfnrf/Lsf cGo efifdf k|fKo JofVofx?nufot w/0fLw/ zdf{sf] g]kfnL l6Kk0fL klg pNN]fVo nfU5g\ dnfO{ .

t/ w]/}h;f] l6KK0fLsf/sf] egfOdf uLtf df kfOg] ljZjb]jtfjfb -Pantheism_ g} To;sf] ;f/tTj xf] / ;f]sf] k|:6 ;DaGw ;f]em} pklgifb\ x?;+u /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGo cy{ nfpg] xf] eg], s;}n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo ubf{ cyjf ]hftLo wd{ Ú kfng ubf{ -csf]{ zAbdf, cfkm\gf ]hft ]cg';f/sf] sd{ ubf{_ kmnsf] cfzf g/fvL ug'{ eGG]f uLtf sf] Ps k|d'v lzIff xf] . t/ sd{af6 s]xL kmnsf] jf gtLhfsf] cfzf gug]{ xf] eg] Tof] sfd g} lsg ug]{ <>

csf{ Ps y/Ln] ]elSt ]df g} uLtf sf] dxfg\ j}lzi6\o /x]sf] klg 7fGb5g\ . t/ Psflt/ s[i0f :jod\n] …d ;a} k|f0fLdfqnfO{ ;dfg gh/n] x]b{5'Ú eg]sf, t/ csf{lt/ ]hftcg';f/sf] sd{ Ú nfO{ k|wfgtf lbPsf b]lvPsf]n] uLtf df k/:k/lj/f]wL -mutually contradictory_ ljrf/w/fx?sf] ;lDd>0f ePsf] t xf]Og <>

km]l/, …h]h:tf] :j?kdf dflg;x?n] dk|lt elStefj k|s6 u/] tfklg, d pgLx?sf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f ulb{g]5' ] eGg] cfzosf] s[i0fs} plStaf6 klg s]xL g s]xL OR5f / cfsf+Iff /fv]/} dflg;x?n] pgLk|lt >4f / elSt k|s6 ubf{/x]5g\ eGg] d h:tf] pka'h|'snfO{ dfq nfu]sf] xf] ls c?nfO{ klg To:t} nfU5, of] r}+ d eGg;Sg] cj:yfdf 5'Og+ . csf]{ b[li6df ]d]/f] elSt ug]{x?nfO{ d df]If k|bfg ub{5' ] eGg] h'g cfzo uLtf df kfOG5, Tof] klg gof+ 6]:6fd]G6 df O{z'v|L:6sf …sd cG6' dLÚ cfzosf] jrg;+u ldNg hfg] b]v]kl5 o:tf egfOx? Kl5kl5sf ykyfk]x?n] afOan af6 lnP/ ;d]tuLtf df l5/fPsf x'g;Sg] cGoyf ltgsf] /rgf Pscsf{sf ;dsfnLg x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg d lg/fwf/ 7flGbg+ .

uLtfdf kfOg] k|foM ;a} egfOnfO{ tyfslyt b]jjf0fL dfGg] k|rng g} eO;s]sf] b]v]/ g} xf]nf, s]xL cfnf]rsx? -lxGb' / clxGb' b'j}y/L_ eG5g\, ]cfWoflTds b[li6n] stfslt uLtf n] xfdLnfO{ lg/fz} kf5{ . lsgeg] Psflt/ ]cfTd1fgLx?sf b[li6df kl7t kl08t / cgk9 z"b|nfO{ ;dfg ?kn] x]g{;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 ] eGg] lsl;dsf ;'Gb/ cfbz{x?dfly hf]8 lbg] uLtf n] g} csf{lt/ hft jf j0f{sf] ;lDDf>0fnfO{ 3[0ffsf] b[li6n] x]l/g] ;+:sf/nfO{ klg k|>o lbPsf] kfOg' k/:k/lj/f]wL l;4fGts]f pbfx/0f 7fGg ;ls+b}g / < l=" zdf{"> ]s[i0fn] ch'{gnfO{{ xTof / 5nsk6sf] lzIff lbPsf] k|:6 b]lvG5 ] -P ls|l6sn ;e]{ ckm OlG8og lkmnf];kmL, nG8g, ;g\ !(^), k[= ##_ . P=;L=

a's]n] klg cfkm\gf] k':ts lxGb’OHd\ -nG8g, ;g\!($*_ df uLtfnfO{ Ps ]wd{zLn s'6/rgfÚ -Pious forgery_ sf] ;d]t ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . xfd|f kl08t k'/]tx?n] uLtfnfO{ >'lt sf] >]0fLdf g/fvL :d[ltsf] bf];|f] >]0fLdf /fv]sf klg To;} sf/0fn] t xf]Og eGg] z+sf dnfO{ klg nflu/xG5 .

dxfef/t

dxfef/t eGbf ljzfn dxfsfJo csf]{ 5}g . s]xL Oltxf;sf/sf] wf/0ffdf uB / kB z}nLsf] ;lDD>0f;lxtsf] / k|fs[t efiffsf] Pp6f nf}lss t/ 5f]6f] u|Gyn] o;sf] k|f?k k|bfg u/]sf] x'g;S5 . kl5sf /rgfsf/x?N]f To;}df cg]s syf pksyfx? Yfkyfk ub}{ nuL tyf j}lbs / zf:qLo

-Snfl;sn_ ;+:s[tdf ?kfGtl/t u/]/ dxfef/t nfO{ jt{dfg :j?k k|bfg u/]sf x'g' klg ;+ej 5 . cl3cl3 o;sf kfqx? Klg ljz'4 cfo{j+zLo ePsf cGbfh ul/GYof] . t/ lxhf]cfhsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ To;f] geO{ o;sf kfqx? cfo{ cgfo{, ldl>t cfo{, cflb ljleGg j+zsf ePsf ljZjf; k|jn x'+b}uPsf] kfOG5 .

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf, 8f= ;'gLlt s'df/ r6hL{sf] ts{ 5, ]kf+r efO kf08jn] Pp6} b|f}kbL;+u lax] u/]sf, kf08jx? Dfft[;QfTds ;dfhJoj:yfsf k[i7kf]ifs ePsf, To;sf gf/Lkfqx? lgof]u k|yf h:tf of}g :jR5Gbtfsf lxdfotL ePsf, kf08jx?sf Ps efO, eLd, dfG]5sf] sf+r} /ut lkpgaf6 kl5 gx6]sf, cflb rl/qlrq0faf6 pgLx? l;lbog\ h:t} s'g} cgfo{ vnssf lyP eGg] ;+s]t g} kfOG5 .Ú

-ls/ft hgs[lt, k[= &#_ . csf{ Oltxf;sf/, Pg\=s]= l;4fGtn] cfkm\g' s[lt bL lx/f]Os Ph ckm OlG8of -nG8g, ;g\ !(@(_ df t sf}/j / kf08jx? Dffem cfk;L kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ;d]t lyPg / tL ljleGg hfltsfnfO{ Pp6} ;Gtltsf ePsf b]vfpg] sfd Jof;h:tf w]/}kl5sf k|z:tLufosx?sf] sNkgf dfq ePsf] ;Defjgflt/ ;d]t cf}+NofPsf 5g\ -k[=!@@) / @!_ . ;|f]8/ xf]NhDofg\ h:tf s]xL klZrdf Oltxf;sf/n] klg kf08j / sf}/jx? Ps} kl/jf/sf gePsf dfq xf]Og, leGgleGg} hfthfltsf ;d]t x'g;Sg] 7fg]sf 5g\ .

dxfef/t sf] /rgf ePsf] ;dosfn ;DaGwL klg a]Unfa]Un} c8sn / ljZjf;x? /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f c8snadf]lhd o;sf /rgfsf/ dflgPsf Jof; Clifn] @$ xhf/ Znf]sdf o;sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP /] / pgnfO{ o; sfo{df k}n gfds csf{ Clifn] klg ;3fPsf lyP /] . t/ csf]{ syfadf]lhd pu|>jf gfds Pshgf ufOg] Clif -;f}lt_ n] u|LT;dbsf 5f]/f zf}gsaf6 cfof]hgf ul/Psf] afx| jif]{ Ps o1sf ;dodf g}ldiff/0o I]fq gfds jgdf klxnf]kN6 dxfef/t zLif{s Znf]ssf] /rgf u/]/ ToxL+ syf / uLtsf] ?kdf jfrg;d]t u/]sf lyP /] .

xl/j+z gfds pGGfO;f}+ kj{afx]s of] dxfsfJosf] jt{dfg :j?k @,@),))) k+lStsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s sfnv08sf] lx;fan] dxfef/t sf] /rgf /fdfo0f sf] eGbf @)) jif{kl5 ePsf] c8sn ul/G5 . s'?If]qsf] o'4 O{=k' =*%) b]lv ^%) aLrlt/ ePsf] dfGG]f xf] eg] o;sf] /rgf Tof]eGbfkl5 g} ePsf]

c8sn :jfefljs 5 . Psflt/ j]bx? / af}4u|Gy lqlk6s df o;af/] pNn]v} gkfOPsf], a|fx\d0f u|Gyx?sf] ;dodf /lrPsf c? ;+:s[t u|Gydf ;d]t o;sf] ;Gbe{ gcfPsf], kt~hln / kfl0flgn] klg o;af/] st} s]xL ;+s]t gu/]sfaf6 o;sf] /rgf O=k"= @))eGbf k|frLg gePsf] x'g' g} a9L ;Defjgf 5 . ;fy} s}of}+ 7fp+df u|Ls zAbx? kfOPsf dfq xf]Ogg\, k|yd / clGtd v08x?df /f]dg l;Ssf b]gl/o;sf] ;d]t k|of]u kfOPsfn] klg o;sf s]xL c+zx? ef/tdf u|Lsx?sf] cfs|d0fkl5 dfq /lrPsf jf ylkPsf lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] c8snnfO{ an k'Ug' :jfefljs} 7fGg'k5{ .

Tof]afx]s, dxfef/t sf ljleGg v08 jf kj{x?df kfOg] efiff / z}nLsf] ljleGgtf, cl3cl3sf 5Gb / lgdf{0f:j?k kl5kl5sf;+u w]/} 7fpFdf d]n gvfg], cflb b]lvPsfn] klg o;sf] /rgf Ps} ;dodf / Pp6} JolStn] u/]sf] x'g g;Sg] tYok|lt g} ;+s]t ub}5g\ . cem csf]{ Ps l;4fGtadf]lhd t cl3sf /rgfsf/n] sf}/jx?nfO{ dxfef/tsf k|d'v kfq jf gfossf ?kdf lrlqt u/]sf syfnfO{ kl5sf kf08jkIfLo /rgfsf/ -Jof;<_>dxfef/t sf /rgfsf/ klg Jof;nfO{ g} dflgPsf] ]tYo ] g} cfkm}+df cgkTofl/nf] 5 . lsgeg] j]bx?s]f /rgf / dxfef/t sf 36gfx?sf] aLRfdf ;of}+;o jif{sf] ;dofGt/ 5 . csf]{ s'/f, k'/f0fx?df tL;hgf Jof;x?sf] pNN]fv ePsf]n] klg Jof; zAbn] Ps JolStnfO{ ghgfO{ Ps kl/jf/ jf hfltnfO{ g} hgfp+Yof] ls eGG]f z+sf klg cfkm}+df gfhfoh 5}g . To;f] xf] eg] s'gr}+ Jof; j}lbssfnLg lyP / s'g dxfef/tsfnLg lyP eGg];d]t ls6fgL ug{;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .

cGTodf, dxfef/t sf kf08jx?nfO{ ]jL/ ]df btf{ u/]sf] ;xL 5 t eGg] k|Zg klg cfkm\g} 7fp+df 5 . lsgeg], sf}/jx?sf 8/n] jiff}{;Dd u'Ktjf;sf] gfp+df efu]/ / n'sLn'sL lx+8]sf,cfkm\g} :jf:gL b|f}kbLnfO{ el/;efdf sf}/jx?n] g+Uofp+bf ;d]t lj/f]w, k|ltzf]w jf n8fO+ g} ug'{ t stf xf stf, r'O+Ss af]Ng klg g;sL d'sbz{s / /ldt] ag]sf, cflb 36gfx?af6 pgLx?nfO{ jL/sf] ?kdf geO{ cToGt 8/5]?jfs} ?kdf dfq kfp+5F}+ h:TF} NffU5 dnfO{ t . To:t}, s[i0fn] cfkm\gf] lj/f6\ :j?k b]vfpg] nufot cg]s gf}6+sL u/]/ / ;DemfOa'emfO u/]/ g;Dxfn]sf eP ]jL/ ] ch'{g s'?If]qsf] o'4d}bfgaf6 6fk 7f]ls;s]sf x'Gy]gg\ / <>dxfef/t sf] g} lvNNLf p8fPsf 5g\ . ls s;f] <

/fdfo0f

/fdfo0f sf af/]df d]/f JolStut h]hlt wf/0ffx? 5g\, ltgnfO{ d}Nf] Pp6f w]/} cl3sf] lgaGw, d]/f] /fdfo0fM Ps 6|]h]8Ldf JoSt ul/;s]sf] 5' . clxn];Dd klg tL d]/f ljrf/ km]l/Psf 5}gg\ . of] n3'lgaGwdf r}+ d]/f cfkm\g} ljrf/eGbf klg cGoq k9;'g]sf s]xL yk ljifoj:t' ykyfk dfq ul/Psf 5g\ .

jfNdLls /fdfo0f jf cWofTd /fdfo0f df cfwfl/t syf t xfdL w]/}n] k9]s} x'g;S5 . t/ TfL /fdfo0f sf klg pQ/L e]sdf k|Rlnt ;+:s/0f, a+ufnlt/ nf]slk|o ;+:s/0f / dxf/fi6| e]sdf k|rlnt ;+:s/0fdf s]xL g s]xL tndfly b]lvPsf 5g\ . tLafx]s ltAAftd} dfq klg tLgy/L ljleGg ;+:s/0f b]lvPsf 5g\ / t/fOlt/ k|rlnt ef]hk'/L nf]sufyfdf cem cs}{ syf kfOG5 . dlx/fj0f jw zLif{s syfdf klg /fdfo0f s} syfnfO{ Psfw a]Un} k|;+ux? Yfkyfk u/]/ k]z ul/Psf] 5 .

/fdfo0f sf] d"nsyfsf af/]df ;d]t lj1x?aLr Ps dt kfO+b}g . Ps y/Lsf] egfOdf Tof] syfsf] h8 ld;| b]zlt/ kfOG5 . …/fÚ gfdsf]] gfos /x]sf] Tof] syf xfd|f]lt/ k|rlnt /fdsf] syf;Fu lgs} d]n vfG5 . csf{ Ps klZrdf lj1, j]a/, t eG5g\, u|L;sf] dxfsfJo Olno8 df kfOg] x]n]gsf] / 6|f]hg o'4sf] syf;+u ;Ltfx/0f, /fd / /fj0faLrsf] o'4, cflbnfO{ bf+Hg] cfwf/x? vf]Hg;lsG5 . xfd|} s]xL Oltxf;sf/sf] egfOdf r}+ cflb k|fs[t / kfnL efiffdf klg /fdfo0f sf] s]xL k"j{?k kfpg ;lsG5 / a'4sfnLg bz/y hfts To;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] . Tof] hfts syfdf /fd / ;LtfnfO{ bfh' / alxgLsf] ?kdf k]z ul/Psf] 5 / k|frLg s]xL hfthfltx?df k|rlnt k/Dk/fsf] cfwf/df pgLx?aLr lax] klg ePsf] lyof] elgPsf] 5 .

/fdfo0f sf k|foM ;a}h;f] ;+:s/0fdf /dnfO{ gfos, /fj0fnfO{ vngfos / xg'dfgnfO{ /fdsf ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf k]z ul/sf] kfOg' t gf}nf] s'/f] xf]Og . t/ kf6gsf hoGt gfds gf6ssf/sf] /rgf dflgg] dlx/fj0f aw sf k|d'v rl/qdf /fdsf] 7fp+df /fj0f dfq xf]Og, clx/fj0f / dlx/fj0f 5g\ . ;+:s[t / k|fs[t efiffx?df /x]sf] ljs|d ;Dat !#($ -O{=;g\ !##&_ sf] of] k':tssf]] d"nskL g]kfndf dfq k|fKo 5 / Tof] /fli6|o ;Fu|xfnodf ;'/lIFt 5 eGg] bfaL ul/Psf] 5 . syfsf] ;f/f+z o:t] 5 M

kftfnsf /fhf dlx/fj0fsxf+ Ps lbg /fj0fn] k7fPsf] Pp6f b"t cfp+5 . xg'dfgn] n+sfsf] czf]s jfl6sf Wj:t agfPsf], cIfos'df/sf] xTof u/]sf], cflb ;dfrf/ To;af6 yfxf kfPkl5 cfkm\gf dLt -lzio<_>

csf]{ b[Zodf dlx/fj0fn] /fd / nId0fnfO{ gfukfzn] af+w]/ eujtLsf] dlGb/df aln r9fpg nfu]sf x'G5g\ . To;}a]nf xg'dfg Toxf+ cfOk'U5g\ / dNNfo'4df dlx/fj0fnfO{ x/fPkl5 /fdx?nfO{ gfukfzaf6 5'6fpg vf]Hb5g\ . t/ ltgsf] s]xL grn]sf] b]v]kl5 u?8 cfP/ gfux?nfO{ wkfOlbG5g\ / /fd nId0fnfO{ pDsfOlbG5g\ .

5f]6s/Ldf syf olt g} xf], tfklg Ps gf6ssf] ?kdf of] cfkm}+df k"0f{ eP h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ .

****

ca /fdfo0f sf ltAatL ;+:s/0fx? . Toxf+ kfOPsf ;+:s/0fx?dWo] t]gxf+u, h] b'gt]n, df/rf]+u / l/g :k'ukf rf/j6f d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf 5g\ . ltgLx?df sxL+ /fj0fnfO{ lt::]f lul/, st} bzu|Lj / st} yS;f]sf]sL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;LtfnfO{ gf]/b]gf klg elgPsf] 5 . Ps 7fp+ /fj0fsf] /fHo klg ldlynfsf] 5]p5fp g} st} ePsf] pNNf]v 5, hxf+ ;Ltfsf] ?kdf hGd]sL 5f]/LnfO{ ]cnlR5gL ] 7fg]/ /fj0fn] sf]s|f]df /fv]/ vf]nfdf aufOlbG5g\ . hgs /fhfn] ltg} aUb} cfPsL aflnsfnfO{ p4f/ u/]/ kl5 /fd;+u lax]af/L klg ul/lbPsf lyP . /fdn] lax] u/]sL cfkm\g} 5f]/L x'g\ eGg] yfxf gkfP/ dfq ;LtfnfO{ pgn] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP elgPsf] 5 h]b'gt]n ;+:s/0fdf . t]gxf+u ;+:s/0fsf /fdn] r}+ xg'dfgsf] xftdf cf}+7L xf]Og, lr7L g} n]v]/ k7fPsf lyP klg elgPsf] 5 . ptf dfOhf]+u ;+:s/0fdf r}+ /fdnfO{ ]/dg ] / nId0fnfO{ …ns'dfÚ gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . /fdsf ;flx+nf efOnfO{ klg e/t gegL led;]g elgPsf] 5 .

ptf ef]hk'/L nf]sufyfdf kfOg] /fdfo0fsf] ;a}eGbf /f]rs kIf 5, ue{jtL ;LtfnfO{ jgaf; k7fpg pS:ffpg] pgsL alxgL g} /lx5g\, h'g s'/f] /fdfo0f sf c? s'g} klg ;+:s/0fx?df sd;]sd d}n] kfPsf] 5}g . Tolt dfq xf]Og . pSt syfdf t ;Ltf cfkm}+ klg /fj0fk|lt k|]dfzSt ePsL / cfkm\g' vf]kLdf PSn} a;]sL avt /fj0fsf] t:jL/ sf]g]{ uly{g\ ;d]t elgPsf] 5 . Ps lbg /fdsL alxgLn] lrof] ubf{ Tof] /x:o yfxf kfO5g\ / /fdsf] sfg km'ls5g\ . of] ;'g]/ l/;n] cfuf] ePsf /fdn] ;LtfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/]sf lyP5g\ . csf]{ 7fp+df ;Ltfn] cfkmgf ;f}tfx?sf] 8fxn] /fdsf] O{v hufpg} eg]/ /fj0f;+u k|]dsf] gf6s /r]sL lyOg\ klg elgPsf] 5 . o;af6 klg d}n] /fdfo0f syfsf] Ps gof+ kIf phfu/ ePsf] g} kfPsf] 5' / Tof] s] eg], ]Ps gf/L a|x\drf/L ] elgPsf /fdsf] rl/q jf:tjdf :qLnDk6 g} /x]5===

;Ltfsf] cfTdfledfgsf] Pp6f gf}nf] t:jL/ klg o; syfdf kfOG5 . cfkm' csf/0f / cGofol;t lgjf{l;t x'g'k/]sf]df cfxt pgsf] cxd\n] nj / s'znfO{ ltgLx?sf afa' sf] x'g\ eGg] klg atfPsL /lxg5g\ . Ps lbg /fdn] ltgnfO{ h+undf e]6\bf ;f]w]5g\ , ]ltdLx? s;sf 5f]/f xf} < ]

…xfd|L cfdf ;Ltf x'g\ / xh'/af bz/y x'g\, t/ xfd|f] afa'sf] gfd xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ]

cfkm\g} 5f]/fx?sf] o:tf] d'6' 5]8\g] hjfkmaf6 ddf{xt ePsf /fdn] km]l/ PskN6 ;LtfnfO{ kmsf{Olbg jlzi7 ClifnfO{ cfu|x u/]5g\ . jlzi7 Clifsf] jrg sf6\g g;s]/ ;Ltf cf>daf6 s]xL k/;Dd t k'u]sL klg lyOg\ /], t/ /fdsf] cGofo ;Dem]/ km/Ss cf>dd} kmls}5g\ . bDeL k'?ifju{

-c+u|]hLdf Male Chauvinism_ sf] lj?4df ljb|f]xsf] emG8f p7fpg] dlxnfju{sf] k|yd k|ltlglwsf ?kdf k]z ul/Psf] ;Ltfsf] of] ?kn] n}+lus lje]b lj/f]wL cfw'lgs gf/L cleofgsf] k[i7kf]if0f u/]sf] k|yd / P}ltxfl;s pbfx/0f d}n] 7fg]+ eg] c3]{NofO+ 7xnf{ t <

kl/R5]b @

s]xL kf}/fl0fs JolStTjx?

ch'{g

o; >[+vnfsf] yfngL klg c af6} ub}{5' . clg …cÚaf6 gfd z'? x'g]x?df ch'{geGbf /+uLnf JolStTj xfd|f syfufyfdf csf{ km]nf knfg\{ h:tf] dnfO{ nfu]sf] klg 5}g .

t/ dxfe/t df pgnfO{ Hf:tf jL/ JolStTjsf] ?kdf k]z ul/Psf] 5, Tof] lrq0f r}+ z+sf:kb / ljjfb/lxt 5}g eGG]f klg d 7fGb5' . o;af/] s]xL rrf{ tn u?+nf . ch'{g zAbsf] cy{ ;]tf] x'G5 elgPsf] 5 . c? ;fdfGotof sfnfx?sf x'ndf oL ;]tf j0f{sf s;/L eP eGg]df r}+ lgof]u k|yfsf] sdfn g} eGg'knf{ ls <>/k'?if;+u lgof]u ug]{ :jR5Gbtf -jfWotf <_>

Tolt dfq xf]Og . Pp6} b|f}kbLn] kf+r kf+rhgf tyfslyt nf]Ug]x?sf] of}gjf;gf k"/f ulb{g'kg]{ jfWotfaf6 klg To; a]nfsf] ;dfhsf] csf]{ Pp6f kf6f] phfu/ ePsf] kfOG5 . tL kf08j efOx?dWo] Pp6f b|f}kbL;+u vf]kLdf k;]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ gl5g]{ / l5/]sf] v08df afx| jif{ lgjf{;gdf hfg'kg]{ klg lgod lyof] /] . km]l/ To:tf] lgjf{;gdf uPsf] efOn] a|x\drf/L hLjg latfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfg kg lyof] /] . Ps lbg s;f]s;f] ch'{g -hfghfgdf jf em'Ss]/_ l5/xfn]5g\ / lgjf{l;t klg eP5g\ . t/ alnofsf] s]hflt g} xltof/ eg]h:tf] lgjf{;gs} cjlwdf klg pgn] a|x\dro{sf] lgod lsg kfng uy]{ <>

dxfef/t sf] n8fO+ lsg ePsf] lyof] eGG]f k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;f]em} 5, sf}]/jx?n] kf08jx?nfO{ pgsf] c+zsf] /fHo glbPsfn] . t/ Tof] t, d]/f] b[li6df, ?g cf+6]sf], cf+vf 3f]r]sf] eg] h:tf] dfq xf] . lsgeg], Tof] lju|xsf] aLp ch'{gn]] klxNo} /f]lk;s]sf lyP . lsgls, s[i0fsf bfO an/fdn] cfkm\gL alxgL ;'eb||fsf] lax] b'of]{wg;+u ul/lbg] jrg lb;s]sf lyP . t/ pSt lgjf{;gsfndf ch'{gn]] pgnfO{ klg eufP/ nu]kl5 b'of]{wg;+u j}/efj t o;} klg ePs} lyof] . km]l/ eufpg]df pgsf ;xof]uL sf] lyP <>

5nsk6sf] c? If]qdf klg ch'{g / s[i0fn] dft u/]s} lyP eGbf km/s kb}{g . eLid, hob|y / s0f{h:tf jL/x? hfnem]ns} e/df dfl/Psf lyP, t/ To;f] ug{nfO{ ch'{gn] s]s:tf hfnem]n u/]sf lyP eGg] d}n] oxf+ km]xl/:t k]z ul//xg] h?/t 5}g . s] To;}nfO{ eG5g\ t jL/tf <

pgsf] o:t} jL/tf sf c? klg dgUu] pbfx/0f lbg;lsG5 . t/ o; n3'lgaGwdf w]/} pNNf]v gu/L Psfwd} lrQ a'emfpg'k/]sf] 5 . klxnf], dl0fk'/df …5f]/fÚ je|'jfxg;+u n8\g] s|ddf pgL xf/]sf dfq geO{ dfl/Ps} klg lyP . t/ kf08jsf kIfw/ Jof;sf] snds} sdfn lyof], Hf;n] …r6sÚ eGGfnfos Pp6f syf /r]/ pgnfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/fP . syf s] eg], lkt[xTofn] …kZrftfkÚdf kl//x]sf je|'jfxgnfO{ pgsL ;f}t]gL cfdf pn'kLn] Pp6f gfudl0f lbOg\ /] / To;}sf] …rdTsf/ ] af6 ch'{g km]l/ af}/]sf lyP /] .===

bf];|f], b\jf/sfsf ofbjx? ljlEfGg v]dfdf af+l9P/ Pp6f v]dfn] s[i0flj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x u/]sf a]nf cfkm\gf ]lhu/L bf]:t ] s[i0fsf] arfp ug{ uPsf ch'{gn] pgnfO{ xTof x'gaf6 t hf]ufpg ;s]gg\ g},

Toxf+sf ofbj / clx/x? ch'{gdfly g} hfOnfUbf pgL km]l/ klg xf/]/ efufefu ub}{ s;} u/L Hofg;Dd hf]ufpg ;Ifd ePsf lyP . pgsf] tyfslyt jL/tfsf] kf]n log} s]xL 36gfx?af6 klg pbf+u xf]nf eG7fg]/ c? pbfx/0f x? yKg rfxGg+ .

cGTodf, dxfef/tnfO{ Ps clt k|frLg wd{u|Gy, cem jl}bssfns} /rgf, lyof] eg]/ xfd|f cf+vfdf 5f/f] xFNfvf]Hg] kl08t afh]x?nfO{ klg dnfO{ Pp6f k|Zg ug{ dg nfu]sf] 5 . Tof] s] eg], :jlgjf{l;t ePsf cjlwdf ch'{gn]] lax] u/]sf /fhsGofx?dWo] Pshgf ojg klg lyOg\ /] . t/ pQ/ ef/tdf ojg -u|Ls_ x?sf] cfudg t s]jn sn]ShfG8/sf] ;dodf ePsf] xf] . To;f] eP dxfef/t nfO{ Ps j}lbssfnLg /rgf eg]/ dfGg] cfwf/ sxf+g]/ 5 <>

****

OGb|

CUj]b df pNn]v ePsf cfo{b]jtfx?dWo] ;jf]{kl/ :yfg cf]u6]sf 5g\ OGb|n] . Toxf+ :yfg kfPsf c? b]jx?df clUg, jfo' / ;"o{ klg 5g\ . t/ lxdfnL e]sdf jf pQ/ ef/tdf O/fglt/af6 a;fO+ ;/]/ cfpg] cfo{x?dWo] klxnf] bnsf g]tf OGb| g} lyP Sof/ . To;}n] pgnfO{ k|wfgtf lbOPsf] xf]nf .

t/ pgnfO{ :joDe" -:jod\ pTklQ ePsf_ dflg+b}g . lsgeg] 7fp+7fp+df 6\of}; -u|Lsx?sf lho; <_>jf gfds 3f]8f ePsf], cflb k|fylds ;+s]tn] klg pgL uf]/fx?sf] / 3f]8r9Lx?sf b]zaf6 cfPsf lyP eGGf] g} hgfp+5g\ . P]/fjt gfds xflQ t pgsf] jfxgdf kl5 dfq ylkPsf] dfG5g\ lj1x? . Tof]afx]s pgsf] jf;:yfg, :ju{, df clt uf]/f cK;/fx? kfOg] / sfnf j0f{sf/fIf;x?nfO{ pgsf zq' ePsf ljj/0fx?nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] lxd;]t' If]qsf cflbd lgjf;Lx?n] uf]/f ljb]zLx?sf] cfs|d0flj?4 ;+3if{ u/]sf lyP5g\ eGg] c8sn ug{ ufx|f] kb}{g .

OGb|sf tL sfnf b'idgx? h+unsf ?vkft, gbLgfnf, ;k{ -gfu_ tyf ln+usf k"hf/L lyP elgPsf]af6 klg tL hft hfltx? lxdfnL If]qsf km]lb jf Tof]eGbf cem blIf0fsf] d}bfgL e]ssf al;Gbfx? g} lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] nv sf6\g klg ;fx|} psfnf] kb}{g h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 .

OGb|sf] rl/q lrq0f ug]{x?n] klg pgnfO{ ;f]d/;sf cgGo k|]dL, cK;/f / lsGg/L h:tf /d0fLx?;+u /Dffpg dl/d]6\g] JolSts} ?kdf k]z u/]sf 5g\ . cem c? yKg] xf] eg], ef/b\jfh ClifsL clt /fd|L 5f]/L >'tjtLnfO{{ ckx/0f u/]/ pgn] :ju{lt/ bf}8fPgg\ ls, b]jzdf{ ClifsL kTgL ?lrdfly cf+vf uf8]sf lyPgg\ ls, uf}td ClifkTgL cxNofsf] ;tLTj x/0f u/]gg\ ls, k'nf]]dgsL 5f]/L zrLnfO{ klg ckx/0f u/]/ kTgL agfPg\ ls,s'GtL;+u u/]sf] ;Def]usf] kmn:j?k ch'{g hGd]sf lyPgg\ ls, s]] u/]gg\ <>

pgsf] rl/qsf] Pp6f kf6f] To:tf] nDk6 lyof] eg], csf]{ kf6f]n] pgnfO{ cf}lw O{iof{n', 8fxL / l/;fxf t/ ;fy} cToGt 8/kf]ssf] ?kdf klg k]z ub{5 . vf; u/L k[YjLdf, jf egf}+ dflg;x?sf] dfemdf, s'g} JolSt zlStzfnL ePsf] b]lvgnfUof] eg] pgsf] sDkf/]f tfltxfNYof] cyf{t\ pgsf] cf;g g} To;n] 8udufOlbg] xf] ls eGg] 8/n] y/x/L eO{ To:tf] JolStnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf+8f] zlStxLg / lgsDDff agfpg] pkfo /lrxfNy] . / o:tf sfddf pgn] k|of]u ug]{ a|x\df:q lyP …:ju{Údf pgsf] ;]jf6xn ug]{ tLg} cK;/f gfdsf ;'Gb/L /d0fLx? .

pbfx/0fsf ?kdf uf}td Clifsf 5f]/f z/b\jGtsf] zlSt a9\b} uPsf] b]Vgf;fy pgn] hfgkbL gfdsL cK;/fnfO{ k|of]u u/] / Clif ljZjldqsf] ;]vL emfg{ csL{ cK;/f d]gsfnfO{ k7fP . k'?/jf / ljs|d -/fhf_ sf] huhuLn] klg cflQP/ km]l/ csL{ cK;/f pj{zLnfO{ xltof/ agfP . o:tf pbfx/0fsf] ;Gbe{ klg ca c? gnDAofpm+ xf]nf===

t/ hlt g} r]i6f u/] klg cflv/ pgL klg xf85fnfn] ag]sf dflg;} lyP / ;do laTb} hf+bf pg}sf] zlSt IfL0f eP/ hfg' cjZoDefjL g} lyof] . To;} eP/ pgL lji0f' / lzjsf] xftaf6 t k/flht eP eP, s[i0fsf] xftaf6 klg s}of}+kN6 df/ gvfO{ 5f]8]gg\ . x'+bfx'+bf /fj0fsf 5]/f d]3gfb ;d]tn] pgnfO{ k/flht u/]/ ]OGb|hLt ] sf] pkflw kfP . To:t}, e[u' Clifsf 5f]/f RojgnfO{ ah| lnP/ xfGg hfOnfUf]sf OGb| ltg} Clifaf6 ;[lht db -dlb/f_ sf] lzsf/ eP/ yy{/L sfDg] dfq ePgg\, lha|f]n] hdLg rf6\g];Dd klg ePsf lyP . csf]{ 36gfdf b'jf{;f Clifn] p7fPsf c;'/x?n] klg pgnfO{ 3'+8f 6]sfpg af+sL g/fv]s} x'g\ .

cGTodf s;};+u s]xL gnfUg] ePkl5 pgn] cfkm\g' /fhkf6 k'?/jfsf gflt /fhLsf] lhDdf nufP/ cfkm}+ r}+ levf/Lsf] ?kdf ef}+tl/+b} glx+8L w/ kfPgg\ . tyfslyt :ju{sf To:tf k|tfkL b]j/fh nfO{ klg cffkm\g} k|hfn] ;fy glbPkl5 s] nfUbf]/x]5 / <>

s0f{

of]eGbf cl3sf] ch'{g;DaGwL lgaGwdf kf08j / sf}/jx?sf] j}dg:osf] hGd /fHo;Qf xTofpg] xf]8n] dfq xf]Og, cg]s JolStut l/;OaLaf6 klg df}n]sf lyP eGg] ;+s]t u/]sf] lyP+ . To:t} csf]{ cfk;L j}dg:osf] pbfx/0f ch'{g / s0f{aLr klg /lxcfPsf] lyof] . kmn:j?k, jL/ s0f{n] kf08jx?sf lj?4 xltof/ p7fPsf lyP eGg] d]/f] yk c8sn 5 .

of] t k|foM ;j{ljlbt} 5, s0f{ klg o'lwli7/, eLd / ch'{g h:t} s'GtLs} sf]vaf6 hGd]sf lyP . km/s olt lyof], pSt tLghgf kf08j bfh'efOeGbf s0f{ h]7f lyP . lsgeg] s'GtLn] pgnfO{ cljjflxt cj:yfd} hGdfO;s]sL lyOg\ / kfO;s]kl5 gbLsf] au/df nu]/ ldNsfPsL klg lyOg\ . wGg, w[t/fi6|sf ;f/yL gGbg -jf clw/y_ / p;sL :jf:gL /fwfn] To; gfgLnffO{ ;dod} b]v]/ 3/ NofPsf lyP / To;sf] nfngkfng u/L cfkm\g} ;Gtfg ;/x x'sf{Psfn] lgDg:t/sf] ];f/yLk'q ] sf] ?kdf pgL kf08jx?af6 x]lkPsf lyP .

t/ hGd]sf] a]nf g} pgsf ]b}jL lktf ] OGb|n] s0f{nfO{ lbJo sjr, s'08n / Pp6f rdTsfl/s t/jf/ lbPsf lyP klg elgPsf] 5 . t/ pgL tGb]/L eO;s]kl5 ltg} 5nsk6sf /fhf OGb|n] g} afx'gsf] e]ifdf cfP/ s0{fnfO{ 5SofO{ pgsf] Tof] lbJo sjr km]l/ km'TsfP/ nu] .

s0f{n] c:qz:qsf] k|of]u, Pp6f jL/ of]4fdf x'g'kg]{ snfsf}zn, cflbsf tflnd k/z'/fdaf6 k|fKt u/], kf/+ut klg eP . ltgsf] tflnd k"/f eO;s]kl5 dfq u'?nfO{ yfxf eof], pgsf To:tf dflx/ lzio t 5]qL kf] /x]5g\ . 5]qLx?nfO{ Ps cf+vfn] klg x]g{ g;Sg] pgn] Tof] yfxf kfP/ /L;n] /GylgP, t/ cfkm}+n] d]xgt u/]/ xf]gxf/ agfPsf 5fqaf6 Tof] 1fg x/0f eg] u/]gg\ . s]jn olt >fk r}+ lbP, …n8fO+sf d}bfgdf pgn] unt c:q k|of]u ug]{5g\ / To;}sf] kmn:j?k pgL dfl/g]5g\ . ]

ch'{g / s0f{aLr klxnf] j}dg:osf] aLp To; avt /f]lkG5, ha b|f]0ffrfo{ u'?af6 lzIffbLIff kfPsf kf08j / sf}/j lszf]/x?dfem jif]{gL ul/g] xftxltof/ k|of]usf] k|ltof]lutf eO/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] xf]8afhL rln/x]s} a]nf d}bfgdf crfgs Ps ckl/lrt lszf]/ klg cfOk'U5g\ / ch'{gnfO{{ cfkm';+u n8\g xf+s lbG5g\ . Tox+f e]nf ePsf lbUuhx?n] ;f]W5g\, ]ltdL sf] xf} / s;sf 5f]/f xf} < ]

…d clw/y ;f/yLsf] 5f]/f] x'++Ú s0f{sf] hjfkm lyof] .

Tof] ;'Gg];fy ch'{gn] pgnfO{ eG5g\ , …Pp6f hfaf] ;f/yLsf] 5f]/f] eP/ xfdL /fh vfGbfgsfx?nfO{ xf+s lbg < ] o;/L luNnf u/]sf ;'Gg]x? ;a}h;f] unn xf+:5g\ / s0{fnfO{ yk lvHofpg / lxofpgdf ;fy lbG5g\ .

o;/L Pshgf cbgf lszf]/nfO{ ;a}n] x]Kgvf]h]sf b]v]/ s0f{sf] kIf ln+b} b'of]{wgn] pN6f] ltg} kf08jx?nfO{ k|ltk|Zg u5{g\ , …ltdLx?s} u'? bf]0ffrfo{ klg sqf 3/flgof+ x'g\ / <>

-afN6L_ df v;]sf] s'g} Clifsf] jLo{af6 hGd]sf xf]Ogg\ < ;fy} ltdLx? g} klg kf08'sf hfoh ;Gtfg geO{ s'GtLn] s}of}+hgf;+u aflx/L of}g;Dks{ /fv]/ hGdfPsf gfhfoh atf;]x? xf}Ogf} / <>

oltdfq xf]Og . b'of]]{wgn] To;} hd36df of] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff klg u/], ]d oL lszf]/nfO{ c+ub]z

-a+ufn_ sf /fhfsf] kbjLaf6 ;Ddlgt klg ub{5' .Ú

o;/L Ps}rf]l6 /fh3/fgfdf pSngkfPsf s0f{ b'of]{]{wgk|lt s[t1 ePsfn] g} dxfef/tsf] n8fO+df pgs} cyjf sf}/jx?s} kIf glnP/ kf08jx?sf] lnGy] t < ;fy}, s0f{ / ch'{gaLrsf]] klxnf] j}dg:otf sf] aLp klg To;} lbg /f]lkPsf] lyof] egL d}n] ls6fg u/]+ eg] c3]{NofO+ xf]nf t <

To:t}, b|f}kbLsf] :joDa/sf] a]nf km]l/ PskN6 pgLx?aLr 6s/fp k5{ . s0f{n] cl3 ;/]/ ;a}eGbf klxn] wg'ifnfO{ a+UofP/ tf+bf] klg r9fO;s]f lyP . cy{ft\ b|f}kbLn] pgnfO{ g} j/dfnf nufOlbg] v08 cfO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ Toxf+ klg kf08jkIfsfn] b|f}kbLsf] sfg km'ls;s]sfn] pgn] elgg\, ]d Ps gLr hftsf] ;f/yLsf] 5f]/f]nfO{ klt dfGg;lStg+ . ]

o;/L el/;efdf lt/:s[t ePsf lar/f s0f{ cfTdUnflgn] sfnf lgnf eP/ :joDa/:ynaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . clg ToxL df}sf 5f]k]/ ch'{gn] b|f}kbLnfO{ xTofP . olt eO;s]kl5 klg s0f{n] n8fO+df kf08jx?sf] ;fy b]nfg\ eGg] ;Defjgf afFsL /xG5 t <

ha dxfef/tsf] ;Fu|fd yflnG5, To;kl5 dfq cfkm' klg ch'{gx?;/x s'GtLs} 5f]/f /x]5' eGg] tYo s0f{n] yfxf kfp+5g\ . Tof] klg cfkm\g} cfdfaf6 . t/ ch'{g / pgL Ps} sf]vsf ;Gtfg ePsf] yfxf kfP/ klg pgnfO{ ul/Psf a]OHhltx?sf] rf]6 t dgdf u8]s} lyof] . To;}n] pgL sf}/jkIfLo x'gk'u] . n8fO+sf] d}bfgdf klg ch'{g / s[i0fsf] hfnem]nsf lzsf/ eP/} pgL dfl/P . To;}n] dxfef/t sf lx/f] jf >]i7 of]4fdf ch'{gnfO{{ u0fgf ug]{x?;+u d]/f] dt ldNb}g . d]/f] b[li6df t To; o'4sf ;a}eGGbf jL/ / ;fx;L of]4f s0f{ g} 7x5{g\ .

-elgG5, cfhsf] kGhfadf ePsf] s0ff{n zx/ plxn] s0f{af6 :yflkt / k|zfl;t /fHosf] gfd lyof] /] . xf]nf klg, gxf]nf klg . k|df0fsf] cefjdf o;} xf] eGg] ls6fg ug{ d rfxGG+f . _

s'a]/

s af6} gfd p7]sf csf{ gfdL kf}/fl0fs JolStTj, s'a]/sf af/]df rrf{ yfnf}+ pgsf c? pkgfdx?af6 . tLdWo] Pp6f lyof] O{zf;vf -jf lzjsf ldq_ . csf]{, oIf/fh . dnfO{ nfU5, oL pkgfdx?n] Psflt/ lzj jf dxfb]j;+u pgsf] lgs6 ;DaG3 /x]5 / csf{lt/ pgL :jod\ klg oIfx?sf /fhf /x]5g\ eGg] ;+s]t ldN5 . lzjnfO{ ls/ftx?n] cfkm\gf O{i6b]j -kf/f]xf+u_ sf] ?kdf lng]u/]sf ;Gbe{ klg oxf+ ;fk]lIft ePh:tf] d]/f] c8sn 5 . ;fY}f cfhsf ls/ft ;dfhdf Ps y/Ln] cfkm'nfO{ ofSvf -jf b]jfg_ sf] ?kdf kl/ro lbg]u/]sfn] oIf/fh eGgfn] ofSvfx?sf k"j{k'?ifnfO{ g} ;+s]t u/]sf xf]nfg\ h:tf] klg nfU5 .

of] 5f]6f] k|fSsygkl5 ca s'a]/af/] yk s]xL hfgsf/L lnglt/ nfuf}+ . s'a]]/sf] zflAbs cy{ …g/fd|f] cg'xf/ ePsf]Ú -s'?k_ eGG]f klg nfU5 . pgsf] z/L/} klg ljs[t lyof] /], tLgj6f uf]8f / cf7j6f bf+t ePsf] . kl5kl5 lxdfnL e]sdf l5g{cfPsf cfo{x?sf] b[li6df pgL emg\ s'?k b]lvPsf r}+ pgsf] d+uf]n ?k/+u / d'vd08nn] klg xf] ls eGg] z+sf dnfO{ nfUb5 . oBlk sxL+sxL+ pgnfO{ /fj0fsf -;f}t]gL<_>/fdfo0f df lbOPsf] pgsf] csf]{ pkgfd j}>j0f ;d]t /x]sf]n] pgL /fj0fsf ;fSv} efO geO{ lj>jfsf 5f]/f lyP ls eGg] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .

h] xf];\, /fj0f;Fu} pgsf] hLjgsf] lgs} ;do lat]sf] lyof] elgPaf6 / PskN6 pgL klg n+sfsf clwklt lyP / kl5 uP/ ltgLx?dfem ;Qf ;DaGwL v6k6 k/]sf] sf/0f /fj0fn] pgnfO{ km]l/ lxdfnL e]slt/} wkfP/ n+sfdfly sAhf hdfPsf x'g;Sg] d]/f] yk cfz+sf 5 . To;sf] kmn:j?k g} s'a]/n] …:ju{If]qÚ sf] pQ/s'?sf /fhf eO{ cnsfk'/L gu/df cnsfgGbf b/jf/ agfP/ zf;g ug{yfn]sf dfGg;lsG5 . cnsfgGbf gbL eGgfn] cfh klg s}nfz / d]? kj{t ghLs ePsf]] u+uf gbLsf] dflyNnf] efunfO{ hgfpg] u5{ .

Tolt dfq xf]Og . s'a]/n] a|x\dfhLsf]] bL3{sfnLg tk:of u/]sfkl5 k|;Gg ePsf a|x\dfn] pgnfO{ cd/Tjsf] j/bfg lbPsf tyf cfkm\g} k'iks ljdfg;d]t pkxf/:j?k k|bfg u/]sf lyP elgPs]fn] ltgLx?dfemsf] 3lgi6tf cem k|l:6g hfG5 eGg] klg 7fG5' d .

n+sfaf6 lgsflnP/ jf lkm/]/ lxdfnL e]ssf /fhf /x]sf pgnfO{ ]wgklt ], …wgbftf ], cflbsf] ;+1f;d]t lbPsf] kfOG5 . lxdfno kj{tsf] pQ/L e]s dl0f dfl0fSo / cgdf]n /Tgx?sf] e08f/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5 elgPsf] cfwf/df g} pgn] tL yk pkgfd kfPsf lYfP eGg] c8sn ug{ ufx|f] 5}g . ]ef]6sf] ] jf Nxf;fsf] ;'g eGg] xfd|f] Ps k|rlnt sxfjtnfO{ ;Dem+bf To;}nfO{ ;d]6]sf] pQ/s'? If]q ;fob ckjfb lyPg xf]nf . Tof]afx]s ls/ftx?;+u} k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv l5d]ssf ?kdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf v;x?sf] If]qnfO{ :j0f{e"ld klg elGfYof] elgPsfn] klg To:tf] c8snnfO{ yk an lbG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . ;fy} lxdfnL e]sdf kfOg gj/Tgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf d"Nojfg kTy/x?dWo] sR5, s'Gbd's'Gb, gGb, va{, ds/, lgnd, z+v, kb\d/fu, dxfkb\d, cflbsf] ;Gbe{ cfPsf] klg kfOG5 . oLdWo] s'Gbd's'GbnfO{{ s|dzM ;kmfo/ / ?aL eg]/ klg cYof{OPsf] 5 .

dfly oIf/fhsf] ?kdf jl0f{t s'a]/sf K|fhfx?dWo] oIfoIfLx? Klxnf] k+lStdf cfp+5g\ eGg] c8sn klg cgf}7f] ePg . To:t} OGb|sf] :ju{df em}+ pgsf b/jf/df ePsf ufos uflosf / gt{s gt{sLsf] ?kdf uGwj{ / lsGg/x?sf] pNn]v klg ul/Psf] 5 . s'a]/sf kTgLx?dWo] Pshgfsf] gfd Cl4 / csL{sf] gfd oIfL lyof] eGg] klg k9\g kfOG5 . oIfL ;fob oIfx?sL /fgL lyOg\, h;sf lktfsf] gfd …u'?Ú lyof] klg elgPsf] 5 . pgsf tLg :fGtfg lyP, h;dWo] ldgfIfL gfdsL 5f]/L tyf dl0fu|Lj / gns'a]/ gfdsf 5f]/f . b]jbfgjx?n] u/]sf ;d'b| dGygaf6 k|s6 ePsL /Def;+u gns'a]/sf] lax] ePsf] klg pNN]fv ul/Psf] 5 .

s'a]/nfO{ oIf/fh / O{zf;vfsf] pkgfd lbOP em}+ pgsL kTgL oIfLsf pkgfdx? rfsL{ / sf}a]/L lyP . To:t} pgsf] /fHo jf /fhwfgL cnsfsf klg c? s]of}+ pkgfdx? kfOG5g\ ===k|ef, a;'Gw/f, a;':ynL, cflb . pgLx?sf ;]jsju{nfO{ u'x\os / ltgsf k|d'v /]jGtsf] /ynfO{ xojfxg gfd lbOPaf6 Pp6f c8sn s] klg sf6\g;lsG5 eg], pgLx?sf] oftfoftsf ]k|d'v ;fwg vRr8 / 3f]8fx? g} lyP . xfd|f lxdfnLe]s / ltAat jf d+uf]lnof klg wf]8f / vRRf8 k|wfg ef}uf]lns If]q ePsfn] s'a]/ Tot}sf afl;Gbf lyP eGg] c8snnfO{ yk ;dy{g k|fKt eP em}+ nfU5 . cem pgnfO{ af}4wdL{ klg elgPsf]n] ltAatL jf ef]6jf;L t lyPgg\ eGg] z+sf klg ;xh x'G5 .

s[i0f

j]b b]lv lnP/ k'/f0f x?df ;d]t s[i0faf/] olt ;Gbe{x? cfp+5g\ ls s'g avtsf s[i0f sf] lyP, cyjf s[i0fx?sf] ;+Vof slt lyof] eGg] ls6fg ug]{ sfd cf}lw ufxf] 5 eg]h:tf] nfU5 dnfO{ . O{= k"=(() lt/sf] 5fGbf]Uo pklgifb\ df pgnfO{ eujfgsf] ?kdf eGbf Znf]sx?sf Ps k|Voft\ /rlotf / Clif c+uL/;sf Ps of]Uo lziosf] ?kdf k]z ul/Psf] 5 . O{=k"= %)) lt/sf kfl0flgn] cfkm\g' ci6fWofoL df / kt~hlnn] cfkm\g' dxfefio df s[i0fsf afa' jf;'b]j geO{ ljZjs lyP eGg] pNn]v u/]sf ;Gbe{ klg cfp+5g\ . km]l/ ptf u|Ls pkfVofgx?df s[i0f / …x]/fSn;Ú nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf lrlqt ul/Psf] / ltg} x]/fSn;nfO{ kl5 xs'{No; klg gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg], rGb|u'Kt df}o{sf] /fHodf u|L;af6 /fhb"t eP/ cfPsf d]ul:ylg;sf] egfOdf pgsL 5f]/L kfl08ofn] blIf0f ef/tdf :yflkt u/]sf] /fHonfO k08\of elgGYof] / ltgsf] /fhwfgL db'/fOdf lyof] eGg] klg 5 . s]xL Oltsf;sf/x?n] k08\of eg]sf] kf08jx?sf] /fHonfO{ elgGYof] / db'/fO eg]sf] dy'/f lyof] eGg] cy{ klg nfPsf 5g\ .

km]l/ s[i0f eGg];fy xfd|f] ;+:sf/n] b'O, tLg y/Lsf] rl/q cf+vf ;fd'Gg] Nofp+5 . Pp6f, afnssfndf cf}lw abdf; / bxLrf]/ s[i0f, csf]{ t?0fjodf af+;'/L ahfP/ uf]lkgLx?;+u /f;nLnf /rfpg] s[i0f / cem csf]{, uLtf df ch'{gsf bfz{lgs kyk|bz{ssf] ?kdf b]lvg] s[i0f .

dfly Pp6f n3'laGwdf lji0f' / lzjn] b]j/fh OGb|sf] cf;g 8udufpg ;kmn ePkl5 pgLx?n] g} Tof] :yfg cf]u6]sf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgflt/ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL lj1x?sf] egfOdf lzj / lji0f' b'j} cfo{x?sf] ef/t k|j]zeGbf cl3 g} …cgfo{Ú jf b|lj8x?sf >4]o b]jtf lyP, t/ OGb|sf] cwf]ktg u/fpg ;kmn ePkl5 xf/]sf] dfgl;stfsf cfo{x?n] klg tL b'OnfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf cf/fWob]j dfGGfyfn]sf lyP . cgfo{ x?sf] ;f] ljhodf ;a}eGbf k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng] jL/k'?if ;fob s[i0f g} lyP, h;n] OGb|sf] :ju{dfly dfq sAhf u/]gg\, j]bj]bf+u sf] pkf;gflt/ 9lNs;s]sf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{

-kf/Dkl/s_ wd{df lkmtf{ u/fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP klg elgPsf] 5 . To;}n] x]nf, tL s[i0fnfO{ hd'gf gbL If]qsf Ps …c;"/Ú /fhf klg dflgPsf] 5 . cem csf]{ 7fp+df Ps of]4fsf] klg j0f{g cfp+5, hf] …krf;f}+ xhf/Ú s[i0fx?sf ;]gfklt lyP /] . o;af6 klg s[i0f Pp6f JolStsf] dfq gfd geO{ Ps hflt ljz]ifs} gfd lyof] ls eGg] z+sf ug]{ 7fp+ lbG5 . a]Ghfldg jfs/ gfds Ps Oltxf;ljb\sf zAbdf ]cgfo{ s[i0fx? ] sf] of] ljhonfO{ ljb]zL cfs|d0fsf/L cfo{zlStsf] lj?4 :yfgLotfsf] cflwkTo :yfkgfsf] ?kdf klg lng;lsG5 .

cfo]{t/ zlStx?sf] cfo{x?dflysf] of] a9\bf] ljhoofqfdf gf/LzlStsf] klg k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] / To;} s|ddf kfj{tL, pdf, sfnL / b'uf{ h:tf b]jLx?sf] dxTj klg :yflkt x'+b}uPsf] kfOg' Ps cy{df cfo{;Eotfsf] ljv08gsf] yfngL dfGg;lsGg] ts{df ulx/f] tYo 5 eGg] dnfO{ klg nfUb5 .

s[i0fnfO{ lji0f'sf cf7f}+ cjtf/sf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 . >Ldb\efujt\ jf efujt\ k'/f0f df pgsf jFNofj:yfb]lv lgwg -xTof<_>dxfef/t sf] eLidkj{ -cWofo @% b]lv $@ ;Dd_ df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] bfz{lgs k|jrg g} xf], h;nfO{ eujb\uLtf s]f ?kdf Vofltk|fKt 5 . t/ of] /rgf j]bsfnLg geP/ w]/}kl5sf], cyf{t\ k'/f0fsfnLg, ePsf] TfYo o;af6 klg emlNsG5 ls o;sf] u0fgf >'ltju{df gk/L :d[ltju{df kb{5 . o;sf] /rgf O{= ;g\sf] klxnf] jf bf];|f] ztfAbLeGbf k/ hf+b}g eGg]df w]/} lj1x?sf] k|foM dt}So g} b]lvPsf] 5 . z+s/sf] uLtfefio cfkmgf] lsl;dsf] klxnf] /rgf lyof] eGg] cfwf/df klg uLtf nfO{ O{ZjL ;g\sf] klxnf] ztfAbLeGbf k'/fg' 7fGg ufx|f] xf]nf eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . cem xl/j+z df j0f{g ul/Psf s[i0fsf] afNosn;+u ;Dalwt sltko 36gfx? Vf|Li6s} jfNosfnLg syfx?;Fu d]n vfg] h:tf b]lvgfn] afOan / To;sf] ;|f]t ;fdu|L Pp6} t lyPgg\ eGg] z+sf ug]{ lj1x?sf] klg sdL 5}g .

To;}n] ox+F dnfO{ ;f]Wg dg nfU5, tL cg]s y/Lsf s[i0fx?dWo] xfdLn] cfh cf/fWo b]j 7fg]sf s[i0f r}+ s'g k/] <===cfo{x?sf …b]j/fhÚ OGb|dfly wfjf af]n]/ k/f:t ;d]t ug]{ …cgfo{Ú] s[i0f ls, /fwfh:tf c;+Vo uf]lkgLx?;Fu /f;nLnf /rfpg] s[i0f ls, r]bL /fhf lzz'kfnn] ]tNnf] hft ]sf] eg]/ lxofPsf s[i0f ls, s'g <

Rffjf{s

K|ffrLg lxGb' bfz{lgsx?dWo] ;a}eGbf ljjflbt JolSt rfjf{s g} xf]nfg\ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . pgnfO{ kf}jfTo{ bz{gIf]qsf k|v/ ef}ltsjfbLx?dWo] cAan dfGGf]x? klg 5g\, …dxfgfl:tsÚ sf] ku/L nufO lbg]x? klg . b]lvg] s'/f kTofpg], gb]lvg]sf] cl:TfTj g} g:jLsfg]{ JolSt klg pg} lyP . …C0f u/]/ eP klg l3p vfg}k5{, d/]/ n}hfg'' s]xL 5}gÚ -C0fd\ s[Tjf 3[td\ lkj]t\_ eGg] dfGotfsf wgL klg pg} eP .

pgsf] HfGd sxf+ jf slxn] ePsf] lyof] eGg] ;+s]t xDd];L kfO+b}g, t/ dg':d[lt / lji0f' k'/f0f b'j}df pgsf l;4fGtx?n] :yfg kfPsfn] tL u|Gyx?sf] /rgfsfneGbf cl3 g} pgn] k|Voflt sdfO ;s]sf lyP eGg] c8sNg ufx|f] kb}{g . dg' Clifsf] ;dosfn @)) b]lv #)) O{=k"= lyof] eGg] ;+s]tsf] cfwf/df rfjf{s klg a'4sf ;dsfnLg lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] c8sn nufpg' ts{;Ddt} xf]nf eG7fG5' d .

rfjf{ss} h:tf ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGtx? Kf|ltkflbt ug]{ c? klg bfz{lgs klg ltgtfs gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . clht gfdsf csf{ bfz{lgs;fy} jfx{:kTo bz{g sf k|0f]tf j[x:klt, /fdfo0fdf bz/ysf ;NNffxsf/sf ?kdf k]z ul/Psf hfjfnL -hfjnL<_,>

cem dg'sf] b[li6df t tL ;a} …kfv08L ]df ;d]t bl/Psf 5g\ .

t/ ;Gtf]if dfGg] 7fp+ r}+ d sxf+g]/ kfp+5' eg], ltgtfs rfjf{snfO{ h]h:tf ;+1f lbOPsf] eP tfklg cfh pgL ];j{>]i7 ef}ltsjfbL bfz{lgs ] x?eWo]sf Psdf u0fgf ul/G5g\ . bz{gzf:qsf] Oltxf;df pgnfO{ k|Voft\ ]cgf:yfjfg ]] -skeptic_ sf] ?kdf :jLsfl/;lsPsf] 5 . a'4sf] cgfQjfb

-cgfTdjfb_ h:t} rfjf{ssf] klg wf/0ff /x]sf] w]/} lj1x? :jLsfb{5g\ . lsgeg], rfjf{ssf] b[li6df klg wfld{s ljZjsf] st} cl:Tj 5}g / ;[li6df s]jn cfuf], kfgL, xfjf / k[YjL dfq r/d :fTox? x'g\ . w]/]n] dfg]sf kf+rf}+ tTj, h;nfO{ cfsfz, ]Oy/ ] jf Olnd]G6 -Elerment_ ;+u klg hf]l8G5, sf] klg s'g} cy{ 5}g, lsgeg] Tof] klg cfuf] / kfgL h:tf dfly pNN]lvt rf/y/L tTjx?s} ldl>0fn] ag]sf] 5 . pgsf] csf]{ j}1flss egfO s] klg 5 eg], ljZjsf ;a} ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x?, k|f0fLx?, clg 1fg / ljj]snfO{ klg ltg} tTjx?sf ;lDdlnt ?k dfq x'g\ eGbf k/s kb}{g .

pgsf] csf]{ wf/0ff klg dnfO{ 3tnfUbf] nfU5 / Tof] s] xf] eg], x/]s k|f0Lsf] cfGtl/s u'0f jf rl/q p;sf] :jefjaf6} lgld{t / lgl0f{t x'G5 . oxL cfGtl/s u'0f jf k|s[ltn] g} p;sf] lgolt jf 8]l:6gL -destiny_ klg to ub{5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, xf+;sf] cG8faf6 xf+;s} ar/f hGdG5, df5f] jf ;k{s]f ar/f hGdb}g . rfjf{sn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf of] …:jefjÚsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kf}jf{To bz{gzf:qdf cToGt 7f]; / dxTjk"0f{ b]g dflgPsf] 5 . ;fy}, kl5kl5 cfPsf / clxn];Dd k|rlnt xfd|f bfz{lgs ljrf/wf/fx?df st} g st} rfjf{ss} 5fk / k|efj vf]Hg xfdLnfO{ ufx|f] kb}{g .

rfjf{s / pgsf cg'ofoLx?n] O{Zj/ jf eujfgsf] cl:tTj g:JfLsf/]sf / wd{nfO{ Ps /f]u 7fg]sfn] g} k'hfkf7 / wfld{s sd{sf08x?nfO{ 7f8} gsf/]sf klg x'g\ . hftkft / 5'jf5'tnfO{ t pgLx?n] kl08tk'/]tx?sf] ;a}eGbf 3[l0ft cfljisf/ dfGb5g\ h;sf] pb\b]Zo s]jn cfkmgf] k]6k'hf ug{] / :jfy{l;l4 ug]{ dfq xf] .

c?sf] b[li6df gfl:ts 7flgP klg rfjf{s l;4fGtjfbLx? Psflt/ c;n ef]hg, :j:y hLjg / :jR5 dg]f/Ghgsf kIfkftL lyP / csf{lt/ ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg] ljrf/s lyP / cfh klg 5g\ . dnfO{ klg, ljrf/wf/fsf] b[li6n], slxn] st} pgLx?sf] lk5nUu' x'gdf ;+sf]r nfUb}g .

hgs

xfd|f wfld{s sd{sf08sf] s|ddf jfrg ul/g] syfx?df k|fo …g}ldiff/0o If]qÚ sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ Tof] If]q ef}uf]lns b[li6n] sxf+ cjl:yt lyof] eGg] af/]sf] d]/f] w]/} lbgb]lvsf] sf}t'xn cfh;Dd klg /lx/x]s} 5 .

s]xL lj1x?n] Tof] If]q uf]dtL gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt ePsf] ;+s]t lbPsf 5g\ . t/ o; ljifodf d]/f] cWoog guGo ?kd} /x]sf] eP klg JolStut wf/0ff cln leGg} 5 . ;+:s[t zAb lgldif -g]kfnLdf lgd]if< _af6 pTklQ ePsf OIjfs'sf dflxnf 5f]/fsf] gfd lgdL lyof] eGg] dfGotf Psflt/ 5 eg], pgL ldlynf k|b]zsf hgs /fh3/fgfsf ;+:yfks ePsf klg ;DalGwt kf}/fl0fs cfVofgx?n] :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ .

lgdL /fhfn] Ps xhf/ Clifx? E]fnf u/L Pp6f bL3{snLg o1sf] cfof]hgf u/]/ To;sf] yfngL jlzi7 Clifaf6 u/fpg rfx]sf lyP . t/ kl5 uf}td Clifaf6 ;f]sf] cg'i7fg ug{nfpg] cfof]hgf agfP5g\ . o;/L jiff}{+jif{ cgj/t ?kdf rn]sf] Tof] o1 >[+vnfdf cg]s Clifx?sf] ;+nUgtf /xguof] xf]nf / Tox+f e]nf ePsf Clifsf] uf+;af;sf] Jofks k|aGw ldnfpg lgdL /fhfn] cfkm\g' /fhwfgL ldlynf -hgsk'/_ guLr s}of}+ cf>dx?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g' c;Dej 5}g . ;fy}, cfheGbf s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd klg ]rf/sf]z] emf8LÚ sf]] gfdn] k|Voft\ h+un To; a]nf t slt aLx8, ljzfn / afSnf] c/0osf] ?kdf lyof] xf]nf eGg] ;lhn} c8sn ug{;lsG5 . dnfO{ nfU5, To;} 3gf h+unsf] h'g efudf lgdL /fhfn] pSt wfld{s sfo{sf] lglDt If]q t}of/ u/]sf lyP, To;}nfO{ g}ldiff/0o -lgdL /fhfsf] c/0o_ gfd k|bfg ul/Psf] x'g' klg c;Dej nfUb}g . v}/, of] t d]/f] sf]/f sNkgf dfq xf] / d]/f] c8sn} ;xL x'g'k5{ eGg] ln+8] l9kL klg d ulb{g+ .

ca hgs /fhfx?af/] s]xL uGyg . elgG5, j[xbf/0os pklgifb\ / dxfef/t df ;d]t pNn]lvt hgs /fhfx?sf k'/vf, OIjfs', dg' J}fjZtsf h]7f 5f]/f lyP . pgsf 5f]/fx?dWo] Pshgf, lgdL, ldlynfsf /fhf eP / csf{ 5f]/f b08n] gd{bf uf]bfj/L If]qdf cs}{ /fHo v8f u/]sf lyP . lgdLsf s'g} ;Gtfg gePsfn] ldlynfdf e]nf ePsf Clifx?n] pgsf] d[t z/L/ ]dy ]u/]/ -dy]/_ Ps ;Gtfgsf] ;[hgf u/] . dy]/ hGdfOPsfn] pgs] gfd ldly eof] cf} pgn] zf;g u/]sf] If]qs]f /fhwfgLnfO{ ldlynf gfds/0f ul/of] . ;fy} pgL Ps d[tb]xaf6 pTklQ ePsfn] pgsf] csf]{ gfd -/ /fHosf] klg_ …ljb]x ] eof] .

hgs Pshgf JolStsf] gfd geP/ Ps kfl/jf/s} gfd lyof] xf]nf eGg] s'/f d}n] of]eGbfcl3sf] s]xL lgaGwdf pNn]v u/]s} 5' . ;Ltfsf …hGdbftf ] hgssf] gfd r}+ lz/Wjh hgs lyof] . pgL hgs ;Gtltsf tL;f}+ lk+9Lsf ;Gtfg lyP . pgn] xnf]n] hdLg vGg] s|ddf km]nf kf/]sL sGofnfO{ cfkm\gL 5f]/Lsf] ?kdf kfng kf]ifg u/]sf / ltgsf] ;Ltf gfds/0f u/]sf syf t bfxf]/\ofpg] h?/t 5}g . zL/ sf] Pp6f cy{ xnf] klg x'G5 / pgn] xnf]nfO{ ;f}efUosf] k|tLs dfg]/ cfkm\g' /fHosf] emG8fdf ;d]t ToxL lrGx c+lst u/fPsf lyP /] . To;} ;Gbe{af6 pgnfO{ klg lz/Wjh elgg yflnPsf] x'g;S5 .

tL hgssf] ljifb\ cWoog / ljb\jQfsf] cfwf/df pgnfO{ k|Voft\ bfz{lgssf] ?kdf t lnOPsf] lyof] g} . ;fy}] wfld{s cg'i7fgx? afx'g kl08tx?af6 dfq ug]{ u/fOg] k/Dk/fsf klg pgL lj/f]wL lyP / cfkm' 5]qL eP tfklg o1ofudf cfkm}+n] k'/f]lxTofO+ ug{kfpg'kg]{]{ c8fg /fVty] . pgsf] k|v/ cWoog / 1fgsf] sb/ u/]/} pgnfO{ /fhlif{sf] kbjLn] cfe"lift klg ul/Psf] lyof] . pgsf u'? of1jNSosf] g]t[Tjdf pgn] klg lgdLn] em}+ lgh{g jgdf Clifx?sf] ljzfn ;dfud u/fpg] uy]{ / ltgsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ :ynnfO{ g} g}]ldiff/0o If]q gfds/0f ulPsf] x'g'kg]{ d]/f] c8sn cem;Dd /lx/x]s} 5 .

x'gt, dfly eg] em}+, uf]dtL gbfLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] lgDvf/ gfds 7fp+df plxn]sf] g}ldiff/0o If]q lyof] eGg] ef/tLo bfaL s'g} gf}nf] xf]Og . t/ To; bfaLnfO{ clxn];Dd s;}n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5}g . Tof]afx]s, pgLx?sf] nfu] t l;4fy{ uf}td hGd]sf n'lDagL klg t ef/td} ePsf] eGg 5f8]sf 5}gg\ lg, xf]Og / <

dxfef/t sf] egfOadf]lhd kf}/fl0fs ;f}tL -syfjfrs_ pu|>jfn] Clifx?sf] lglDt cg]sfg]s syfjfrg u/]sf] 7fp+ klg g]ldif/0o If]q lyof] elgPsf] 5 . t/ To;sf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ls6fg ul/Psf] 5}g . O:sg gfds s[i0f eStx?sf] ;+:yfn] t cfkm\g} / cs}{ g]}ldiff/0o klg ;[hgf u/]sf] 5, blIf0f ef/tsf] cfGw| k|b]zdf===

ca k|foM w]/} k|frLg u|Gyx?sf jfrs Clif zf}gsaf/] klg ;fg' rrf{ . jfo' k'/f0f nfO{{ kTofpg] xf] eg] pgL c+uL/;sf 5f]/f lyP . lji0f' k'/f0f eG5, pgL ;'gfxf]q gfds Clifsf 5]/f lyP . t/ csf{lt/ dxfef/t n] r}+ pgnfO{ jLtxJosf 5f]/f dfg]sf] 5 . ca s;nfO{ r}+ kTofpg] < d="=">

b|f}kbL

xfd|f dlxnfx?n] 7fGg]u/]sf kf}/fl0fs …cfbz{ gf/L/TgÚ x?df s'GtL / b|f}kbLnfO{ klg kfp+bf d rlst ePsf] s/La @% jif{cl3 n]v]sf] cfkm\g' lgaGw, Ps uGyg, Ps u'gf;f] df pNn]v u/]sf] lyP+ .

clxn] o; >[+vnfdf klg b|f}kbLsf] ;Gbe{ cfp+bf km]l/ yk s]xL tLtf]dL7f] cf]sNg dg nfUof] .

pgsf w]/} gfdx?dWo] Pp6f r}+ s[i0ff klg ePsf]n] pgL uf]/Lj0{fsL lyOgg\ eGg] t k|:6} 5, tfklg pgnfO{ nfdfnfdf s]z ePsL, pRr p/f]h / kftnf] sd/sL wgLsf] ?kdf j0f{g ul/Psf]n] ;du|df pgsf] JolStTj cfsif{s ePsf] c8sn ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . To;}n] klg xf]nf, pgsf] :joDa/df xfgyfk / xf]8 ug]{x?df an/fd / s[i0fnufot s0f{, b|f]0f / kf+r} kf08jx? ePsf j0f{g kfOG5 .

t/ ;fy} pgL cf}lw O{iofn' lyOg\ / ch'{gsL csL{ kTgL ;'eb|fsf] a9L g} 8fx uly{g\ eGg] klg kfOG5 . ;f}tf;f}tfdf kfOg] l/;O{aLsf] l:yltnfO{ t :jfefljs ?kdf lng;lsG5 . t/ pgnfO{ t /f};] :jefj / v's'nf] rl/qsL klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0f:j?k, Ps 7fp+ pgL / ;'eb|f ;+u;+u} a;]/ dlb/f lkO{ n6\7 k/]sf] j0f{g 5 eg], hfts syfx?df pgL Pshgf bf; lszf]/;+u ;Ns]sL lYfOg\ eGG]f klg k9\g kfOG5 . kf+r} kf08jx?sL ;femf kTgL aGg t pgnfO{ To; a]nfsf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fn] klg 5"6 lbPsf] jf jfWo kf/]sf] xf]nf . To; lax]kl5 pgn] h]7f nf]Ug] o'lwli7/af6 k|ltljGWo, dflxnf] nf]Ug] eLdaf6 >'t;f]d, ;flx+nf]af6 >'tsLlt{, sflx+nf]af6 ztflgs / sfG5faf6 >'tsd{0fnfO{ hGd lbPsL lyOg\ .

dnfO{ cem cgf}7f] nfu]sf], egf}+ …ckrÚ g} ePsf], ljifo r}+ cs}{ 5 . kf08jx?n] pgnfO{ lnP/ cfp+bf s'GtLnfO{ 6f8}af6 s/fP/ ;'gfPsf lyP /], …cfdf, xfdLn] cfh Pp6f uxlsnf] pkxf/ lnP/ cfPsf 5f}+ . ]

…l7s} 5, h] NofPsf xf}, kf+r} efOn] af+9]/ lng"Ú eGg] pQ/ cfdfn] lbOg\ /], / cfdfsf] cfb]z gsf6\g] …dft[eStÚ 5f]/fx? ePsfn] kf08jx?n] pgnfO{ ;xkTgLsf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f r}+ s]6fs]6Ln] klg gkTofpg] h:tf] ePg / <

cfkm\gf 5f]/fx? :joDa/ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;df/f]xdf ;dfj]z x'g uPsf;d]t cfdfnfO{ yfxf jf jf:tf gx'g', 5f]/fx?n] NofPsf ]pkxf/ ] s]s:tf] /x]5 eg]/ x]g]{;Dd klg pT;fx / OR5f gx'g', x]b}{ gx]/L ]af+9]/ n]pm ] eGg] cfb]z lbg', 5f]/fx?df klg cfkm'n] lht]/ NofPsL kTgLnfO{ PskN6;Dd cfdfsf] bz{g u/fpg] ;d]t h+fu/ / pT;fx gb]lvg' / slQ gcGsgfO{ cfdfsf] ]cfb]z ] kfng ug{ tlD;g', h:tf s'/fx? Psbd} cgkTofl/nf kl/syf Hf:t} dfq nfU5g\ dnfO{ t . csf{] s'/f, Pshgf ch'{gn]] kf] t :joDa/sf] xf]8afhL lht]/ b|f}kbLnfO{ kfPsf lyP, kf+r} efOn] t lht]sf xf]Ogg\ lg . clg Ps cfbz{ rl/qsL dlxnf ePsL eP b|f}kbLn] s;/L Tolt ;xh} cfkm\gf h]7fh'x? / b]j/x?nfO{ ;d]t Ps}rf]l6 nf]Ug] dfGg t}of/ eOg\ xf]nf, k|Zg p7\g' cToGt :jfefljs 5}g / <

oxf+ csf]{ klg Pp6f 36gfsf] pNn]v ug{ dg nfUof], oBlk of] Tolt dxTjsf] r}+ 5}g . jgaf; sfndf kf08jx? lzsf/ v]Ng uPsf a]nf l;Gwsf /fhf hob|yn] b|f}kbLnfO{ ckx/0f u/]/ n}hfG5g\ . kl5 kms]{/ cfp+bf Tof] yfxf kfP/ hob|ynfO{ nv]6L, km]nf kf/L, dfg{;d]t pBt ePsf nf]Ug]x?NffO{ b|f}kbLn] g} cl3 ;/]/ /f]lS5g\ dfq xf]Og, pgn] g} hob|ynfO{ pDsg] df}sf;d]t lblG5g\ . To:tf] nfhdbf]{ / h3Go ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t xNsf / v]nf+rL h:tf] ?kdf lng;Sg] pgL / pgn] eg]s} e/df To:tf] bf]ifL hob|ynfO{ pDsglbg] kf08jx?nfO{ …pbf/lbn ]sf] ;+1f lbg t ;lsPnf, t/ s] jf:tljs hLjgdf Tolt ;lhn} lng klg ;lsG5 t <

cGTodf, lj/f6\ /fhfsf] b/jf/df kf08jx? u'Ktjf; a;]sf avt ePsf] lsRrs sf08 nufot c? ;dodf klg b|f}kbLs} sf/0fn] ubf{ pgsf nf]Ug]x?n] w]/} em}emd]nf laxf]/]sf syf cfp+5g\ . c? t c?, s'?If]qsf] n8fO+kl5 kf08jx?n] ;+;f/} Tofu]/ …:ju{Ú lt/ hfgnfUbf klg b|f}kbL xQkQ hfg gdfg]sL / s/} nfu]/ dfq nf]Ug]x?sf] kl5 nfu]sLdf klg pgsf] …cfbz{ rl/qÚ g} emlNsG5 eGg;Sg] l:ylt /xG5 h:tf] dnfO{ r}+ sd;]sd nfUb}g .===

a|x\df

xfd|f] afx'g ;dfhdf cfkm'nfO{ a|x\dfhLsf ;Gtfg xf}+ egL uj{ ug]{ rng 5 . t/ To;/L uf}/j dfGgsf] ;f6f], dnfO t nfU5, xfdLn] nfhn] d'G6f] lgx'/fpg' kf] plrt xf]nf ls <>lxGb' lyof] EfGg]x?nfO{ :jod\ j]b x?n] g} nf]Kkf VjfOlbPsf 5g\, lsgeg] ltgn] sxL+ klg a|x\dfnfO{ dxTj lbPs} 5}gg\ . cyf{t\ ltgtfs a|x\df Ps nf]slk|o b]jtfsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf xfdL st} klg kfp+b}gf}+ . cfh ltgs} tyfslyt :fGtfg, cyf{t\ xfdL cfkm}+, n] klg lzj / lji0f'sf] bf+hf]df g t a|x\dfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5f}+, g t d7dlG/ g} agfp+5f}+ .

Kf}f/fl0fs sfndf cfP/ dfq a|x\dfnfO{ ;[li6stf{ t dflgPsf] 5, t/ pgL :Jfod\nfO{ g} lji0f'sf] gfO6f]af6 pTklQ ePsf b]vfP/ pgsf ;[li6stf{ g} lji0f' ePsf k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] 5}g / <>

tL rf/j6f d'v jf cg'xf/} klg s;/L eP <>

cem cfZro{sf] csf]{ ljifo t s] eg], s;};+u of}g;DaGw g/fvL lrtfPsf] jf OR5fPs} e/df Psflt/ ;gts'df/, :sGb, ;gs / ;gftg h:tf dfg;k'q hGdfpg;Sg] ltgL lyP eg] lsg kfj{tL, ;/:jtL / ;t?kf;+u Jolerf/ ug{af6 klg kl5 gx6]sf xf]nfg\ <> 5f]8]sfdf gf}nf] s'/f g} s] eof] / <

Tolt dfq klg xf]Og . PskN6 pgL Ps wfld{s sfo{ ug{ nfu]sf lyP /], h;df ;/:jtL

-kTgL_sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ lyof] /] . t/ ;/:jtL sxL+ uPsL /lx5g\ / km]nf gk/]kl5 pgsf] ;f6f] ufoqLnfO{ g} j}slNks kTgL agfP/ ;f] wflds sfo{ k"/f u/]sf lyP /] eGg] syf klg 5 . ufoqLsf] csf]{ gfd ;fljlq lyof] klg elgG5 . t/ xfdL afx'g5]qLn] cfkm\gf wfld{s dGqx?df ;a}eGbf jx'd"No dfg]/ lbgxf}+ hk ug}{kg]{ elgPsf] ufoqLdGq t ;/:jtLsL ltg} ;f}tfsf] gfddf kf] /lrPsf] /x]5 . oxL xf:of:kb ;+of]u yfxf kfPkl5 d}n} ufoqL hKg klg 5f8]+ / hg} nfpg klg .===

o;sf] csf]{ /dfOnf] kIf r}+ s] 5 eg], cfkm'dfly ;f}tf xfn]sf] l/;df ;/:jtLn] eljiodf a|x\dfsf] k'hf gxf];\ eGg] >fk klg lbPsL /lx5g\ . To;}n] pgsf] dlGb/ st} klg b]Vg gkfOPsf] /] .

cGTodf, j]b h:tf k|frLg u|Gydf k|hfkltnfO{ ;[li6stf{ dflgPsf] 5 . t/ ;of}+ jif{kl5 /lrPsf kf}/fl0fs u|Gyn] r}+ PSsfO; k|hfkltx? ePsf / tL ;a} a|x\dfsf dfg;k'q dflgPsf b]lvg' klg Pp6f la8Dagf dfq xf]Og, Ps csf{;+u aflemPsf] klg k|:6 b]lvG5 . ltg} k|hfkltx?dWo] klg dxfef/t n]

r}+ bzhgfnfO{ dfq ljz]if dfGotf lbPsf] kfOg' klg csf]{ la8Dagf xf] eG7fG5' d .

a|Dxfsf] o:tf] lu/]sf] / gLr rl/qaf/] s]xL k9]kl5 cfkm}nfO{ pgsf] ;Gtfg dfGg] t s'/} /x]g, pN6f] cfk\mgf gftfuf]tfn] dfg]sf] b]Vtf d :jod\nfO{ cem klg cfTdUnflgn] lk/]fln/xG5 . s]jn Ps lemgf] :fGTjgf r}+ s] nfU5 eg], vf; u/L kf}/fl0fs syfx? P]lxfl;s geO{ s]jn sfNklgs / dgu8Gt] x'g\ / ltgdf ;TotYo s]xL 5}gg\ klg . ;To gePs} a];===

dg'

xfd|f j}lbssfnLg k'/vfx?sf pbf/ ;dfh Joj:yf / /Lltlyltx?nfO{ dg' Clifkl5 l5/fOPsf n}+lus c;dfgtf / hftkftaLrsf e]befjhlgt ;+sL0f{tf;+u bf+Hg] xf] eg] tL Pscfk;df k6Ss d]n vf+b}gg\ eGg] s'/f d}n] o;cl3 klg s]xL lgaGwx?df elg;s]sf] eP tfklg oxf+ km]l/ PskN6 p7fg ug{ rfxG5' .

d s'g} ;dodf sfg"gsf]] ljBfyL{ lyP+ . xfdLnfO{ k9fOg] ljifox?dWo] lxGb' P]gsfg"g -Hindu Law_ klg Pp6f lyof] . tL lxGb' ljlwljwfgsf k|0f]tfx?df w]/}h;f] dg'Clifs} gfd cfp+Yof] . d t Ps afx'g klg, Tof]dfly cft]kft] ug]{ kl/jf/s} aRRf]f ePsfn] dg'Clif -x?_ af/]sf lgs} s'/f s]6fs]6L pd]/d} klg yfxf kfO/fv]sf] lyP+ . h:t} :joDe"j dg', pQd dg' , td;f dg', j}jZjt dg', cflb . xfdLNffO{ l;sfOPsfdWo] :joDe"j dg' ;a}eGbf k|frLg lyP, Ps k|sf/n] b]jt} lyP / dg':d[lt, dg';+lxtf, cflbsf /rlotf klg . ltg} u|Gyx?sf] cfwf/df xfd|f] ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf ePsf] 5 eGg] kf7 g} cfh klg xfd|f kl08tk'/]tx?n] cfkm\gf ]hhdfg ]x?nfO{ k9fpg] u/]s} xf]nfg\ eG7fG5' .

t/ sfg"g cWoogsf] s|ddf s] gof+ s'/f yfxf eof] eg], xfdLNffO{ s]6fs]6Ldf k9fOPsf w]/} kf7x? unt /x]5g\ . h:t} …eujfg ] elgPsf ljZjDe'j dg' / lxGb' ljlwljwfgsf k|0f]tf -cyf{t\ dg':d[lt sf /rgfsf/_ a]Unf a}Un} JolSt /x]5g\ . oL bf];|f dg' r}+ O{=k"= ^)) b]lv O{=;g\ #)) ;fnsf dfemdf hGd]sf, s'g} Pp6f /fhkl/jf/;Fu ;DalGwt, 5]qLj+zLo JolSt /x]5g\ . pgaf6 /lrPsf] pSt lxGb' sfg"gnfO{{ ljZjDe'j dg' -cyf{t\ dfgjsf tyfslyt ;[li6stf{_ ;+u of t c1fgtfjz, gq dg':d[lt nfO{ b}jL jf O{Zj/Lo ?k lbg] cfzon] k]|l/t eP/, hf]8\g] ul/Psf] kf] /x]5 .

Oltxf;sf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|foM yfxf 5, O{=k"= % jf ^ ;o jif{ eg]sf] df}o{sfn / u|L;sf /fhf cn]ShfG8/n] ef/tdfly wfjf af]n]sf aLrsf] ;do xf] , To:t} O{=;g\= # ;o jif{ eg]sf] u'Kt ;fd|fHo :yfkgf ePlt/sf] ;do xf] . o;} sf/0fn] g} xf]nf, dg':d[lt sf] bzf}+ cWofodf ojg -u|Ls_ x?, zs

-l;lbog_ x? / kNxj -kmf/;L_ x?sf] ;Gbe{ hf]l8g uPsf] . clg o;}af6 c8sn ug{;lsG5, dg':d[lt sf /rgfsf/nfO{ dg':joDe'j;+u hf]l8Psf], pgn] klxnf]rf]l6 Clif e[u'nfO{ l6kfp+bf To;df Ps nfv Znf]s lyP, gf/b Clifn] To;nfO{ 5f]6\ofP/ afx| xhf/ Znf]ssf / dfs{08]o Clifn] cem 5f]6\ofP/ cf7 xhf/ Znf]ssf] kf/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f s]jn dgu8Gt] sNkgf dfq /x]5g\ . jf:tjdf cfh xfdLn] b]VgkfPsf dg':d[lt df @^*% Znf]s dfq 5g\ / ltgnfO{ !@ v08df k]z ul/Psf] 5 . a;\ .

;f/f+zdf s] eGg;lsG5 eg], kmf/;L / u|Lsx?n] tTsfnLg lxGb' ;+:s[lt / ;dfhnfO{ layf]Ng yfn]kl5 a|fDx0fx?sf] k|e'Tj / jr{:jnfO{ km]l/ :yflkt ug]{, ljb]zLx?n] ;dfhnfO{ gla6'Nofpmg\ eg]/ hfteft / 5'jf5't h:tf k|yfnfO{ …b}ljs ] jf ]j}lbs ] k|dfl0ft ug]{ tyf To:tf e]befjnfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug]{, cflb ;+sL0f{tfsf] b;L dfq /x]5 dg':d[lt . t/ cfh t u|Lsh:tf ljb]zLx?sf] huhuLaf6 xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ arfpg'kg]{ v08 klg 5}g, g t dg':d[lt h:tf /rgfx?sf] g} pkfb]otf 5 .

…3'Db}}lkmb}{ ?Dh}6f/ ] eg] em}+ s] dfq oxf+ yKg dg nfu]sf] 5 eg], cfhsf] lxGb' ;dfhnfO{ cfs|fGt ul//x]sf] n}+lus jf hftju{sf] c;dfgtf dflg;n] g} :jfy{k|]l/t eP/ ;[hgf u/]sf 5]saf/x? x'g\, s'g} b]jbjtfn] xf]Ogg\ . / ha;Dd xfdL cfkm}+n] oL c;dfgtf / ljs[ltx?nfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfg{;St}gf}+, ta ;Dd k|hftGq xf];\ jf nf]stGq, cyjf u0ftGq g} ls gxf];\, s'g}sf] klg jf:tljs / tflTjs cy{ /xg]5}g===

/fj0f

cfh km]l/ d]/f] Ps @% jif{eGbfcl3sf] Ps lgaGWf, d]/f] /fdfo0f : Ps 6|]h]8L sf] ;Demgf ug]{ v08 cfof] . To;df /fj0faf/]sf d]/f w]/}h;f] wf/0ffx? Kl/;s]s} 5g\ . To;}n] s]xL ykyfk] k|;+u dfq oxf+ /fVg nfu]sf] 5' .

/fj0fsf afa' lj>jf -Clif_ lyP, afh] Clif k'n:To / lhh'afh] a|x\df . To;}n] /fj0f klg vf+6L afx'g . elgG5, a|x\dfs} k|tfkn] pgn] :ju{dfly dfq sAhf hdfPgg\, OGb|nufot clUg, lzj, od, cflb w]/}hgfnfO{ ks|]/ n+sfdf NofO{ ljleGGf sfddf hf]t]sf klg lyP .

/fj0fsf] lgwgsf af/]df r}+ j}i0fj / z}jx?n] cfkmcfkm}nfO{ ldNg] lsl;dn] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . j}i0fjx? eG5g\, /fj0fsf] a9\bf] k/fs|daf6 t;]{sf b]jtfx? lji0f'sf] z/0fdf uP/ /fj0fsf] ;+xf/ ug{ lalGt r9fP . lji0f'sf] pQ/ lyof], /fj0fnfO{ dfg{;Sg] b]jtfx? hGd]s} 5}gg\, t/ Pp6L gf/Lsf] sf/0fn] p;n] cfkm\g' d/0f cfkm}+ lgDTofpg]5 . Tof] sfd kmQ] ug{ pgL cfkm}+ klg /fdsf] cjtf/ lnP/ k[YjLdf cjt/0f ug]{5g\, cflb .

ptf z}jx?sf] syfdf elgPsf] 5, lzjsf] bz{g ug{ uPsf /fj0fsf] af6f] gGbLZj/ gfds Pp6f afpGg]] -;f+9] <_>?af6 x'g] eljiojf0fL u/]5g\ .